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Chapter 2 Jurgis and his family live in rural Lithuania and continually have money problems. They always talk about moving to America but when Jonas talks about a Jokubas Szedvilas who supposedly made a fortune in America they begin to save money to make the journey. After months of Jurgis working to earn money for the trip they make it to America. By pure coincidence the family, makes it to Chicago and they see Jokubus. He is not that successful but he does own a deli. He sends to a run down boarding house on a landfill.

Characters: Jurgis- main character, strong, hard working and optimistic Jonas- Tete’s brother, helps encourage the family to move Dede Antanas- Jurgis’ father, can’t get a job because of his age Marija - Ona’s cousin. She dislikes the corruption in Lithuania and her job so she moves. Jokubas Szedvilas- Jonas’ acquaintance, who owns a deli. Tete Elizabeth- Ona’s stepmother, the matriarchal figure of the family

Notable Passages:

“The line of the buildings stood clear-cut and black against the sky; here and there our of the mass rose the great chimneys, with the river of smoke streaming away to the end of the world. It was study in colors now, this smoke; in the sunset light it was black and brown and gray and purple. All the sordid suggestions of the place were gone- in the twilight it was a vision of power. To the two who stood watching while the darkness swallowed it up, it seemed a dream of wonder, with its tale of human energy, of things being done, of employment for thousands upon thousands of men, of opportunity and freedom, of life and love and joy” (pg 31).

Chapter 3 In chapter three we see what life is like for the workers. We are basically taken on a tour of the meat packing work by Jokubas. We learn here of all the brutality done to animals and what happens to them, which is obviously they get slaughtered. We learn how unsanitary the factory work is and how unsanitary the meat itself is. How the company still sells spoiled meats. This chapter is really gruesome and gross; it is very descriptive of Packingtown. Characters- Jokubas, Jonas, Antanas, Jurgis, Teta Elzbieta Quotes- Pg 32-33 “The packers might own the land…to this.” Pg. 37 “Was it permitted to believe that there was nowhere… some were monstrous.”

Chapter 5 Jurgis buys a house and purchases furniture for it. Ona and Jurgis are very excited about their new home and everything that they buy for it is a big deal for them. Jurgis has a job in a meat plant, and although it is extremely difficult at times and very fast-paced, he says he enjoys it. He is content with the working conditions in America, and does not understand why others are so disgruntled about them. He is asked several times to join a worker's union, but refuses because he doesn't see the point in it. A friend of Jurgis's, Tamoszius Kuszleika, tries to explain to Jurgis that life in America is not what he pictures it as, and he tells Jurgis about the ranking order in factories. Meanwhile, Dedes Antanas is offered a job by a boss in a factory, and although it is not the best job, he decides to take it, because he cannot find work anywhere else. Characters -Tamoszius- a friend of Jurgis's who folds hides on the killing beds Quotes "So Jurgis thought, and so he spoke, in his bold free way... never mind, you stay here and see for yourself." (Page 57) "Jurgis asked them what they meant by their rights, a question in which he was quite sincere, for he had not any idea of any rights that he had, except the right to hunt for a job, and do as he was told when he got it." (Page 57) "And now here he was, worn out in soul and body, and with no more place in the world than a sick dog." (Page 58) "Jurgis would find out these things for himself...if you met a man who was rising in Packingtown, you met a knave." (Page 59) "When he came home that night he was in a very somber mood, having begun to see at last how those might be right who had laughed at him for his faith in America." (Page 63) Themes -American Dream -labor -pride -perceptions

Chapter 6- In this chapter the family learns that the house they bought was actually a scam. They are going to have pay closer to 19 dollars a month, rather then the 12 dollars they were told, and the house was actually 20 years old and not brand new. They also learned the scam of the houses. On hearing this Jurgis said, “I will work harder”. You can’t miss a payment or else your evicted, and if you are evicted you don’t get any of your money back; so the way to beat the system is to be able to buy your house. The family then learned about the sequence of which nationalities worked in packing town. It went from Germans, to Irish, to them. Also for the first time they learned about the child labor law and how kids had to be 16. It was easy to get around and demonstrated the corruption during the time. Marija got Ona job opportunity at a wrapping room in Browns. Stanislovas got a job in a lard factory, which was gross job. characters- Elzbieta Majauskies (is called Teta Elzbieta) notable passages- "to come back to the house....party of emigrants" (page 85) "the law made no difference except that it forced people to lie about the ages of their children" (84) "In summer the stench of the warm lard.....their livings in the United States." (page 89)

Chapter 7 Ona and Jurgis’ veselija left them 100 dollars in debt because many guests took advantage of them and left with out paying. Different people in the family kept getting sick because of having to walk in the cold and the working conditions of their jobs. Thousands die due to the there are many new people waiting for jobs in the plants. Dede is among those who die. The cold and death everywhere makes many people turn to alcohol, but Jurgis resists because he needs to save money.

Characters: None new

Passages: “Just so it was in Packingtown…there was a chance for a new hand.” Page 83

Chapter 8 This chapter is about Tamoszuis and Marija’s lifestyle. Tamoszuis is a musician and he is trying to marry Marija. He brings her with him when he goes to do musical performance and she gets foods from this and brings homes treats and stories to share. We learn that Tamoszuis is a jealous temperamental man. Marija holds a job at painting cans she was considered the capitalist of the party. She was good at her job, better than most, all was well until her factory closed down, and it was right around the time she was planning for a wedding. She got laid off. Marija and Jurgis join the union and attend meetings. Jurgis encounters a man Tommy who slightly scared him with his philosophy. Characters- Tamoszuis, Marija, old man Jones, Tommy Finnegan Quotes- “There were many nonunion men among the Lithuanians…force of arms.” Pg. 96

Chapter 10 Jurgis's wages are lowered, and money becomes extremely tight. Jurgis gets frustrated with all of the hidden expenses that he is faced living in this house, and demands from the man who sold it to him to tell him all of the hidden fees of the contract. Jurgis learns that there are several fees, including taxes and insurance, that are included. Marija gets a job, but quickly loses it again. This is hard on the family, because Ona is pregnant and money is becoming scarcer and scarcer. Marija is able to find a job as a beef trimmer, where she works like a man but is not paid like one. Ona has confrontation with her forelady, Miss Henderson, who owns a brothel. Miss Henderson and the other women do not like Ona because she is a decent married woman. Ona gives birth to a healthy baby boy, who they name Antanas after Jurgis's father. Jurgis continues to work hard, and Ona returns to work a week after Antanas's birth, making her health poor. Characters: -Miss Henderson: Forelady at Ona's work Passages: "This was in truth not living... and when people did their best, ought they not to be able to keep alive?" (Page 100) "He saw now how they had been plundered... for defeat was a thing that could not even be thought of." (Page 101) "They were tied to the great packing machine, and tied to it for life." (Page 102) Themes: -Sacrifice -Work environment -Jealousy

Chapter 11 The chapter talks about how the labor in the factories gets harder. The amount of work that they have to do in a day increases while their salaries are cut again and again. The boss’s make a rule that you have to increase your number of cans per hour, but then once you do your set number your done working so they don’t pay you for as many hours when they receive the same amount of production. Marija also opens a bank account but is very unfamiliar with the concept of not having her money with her. One day she sees a huge crowd that is withdrawing their money so she then joins them. It turns out that a bar fight lead to a large crowd which people mistook for a depression. She then takes her money in silver dollars and sews it into her clothes. Jurgis also got injured when a steer got loose from the killing beds. He hurt his ankle badly and was put to bed rest. The family had to pick up for his slack. The only good part of it was that Jurgis got to spend time with his kid. No new characters Important passages “On the contrary the speeding……likely to break any day.” (page 135-136) “It might be true then…..and be destroyed!” (page 143)

Chapter 12 After getting hurt when a steer escaped from the killing pens, and Jurgis sprained his ankle, he cannot return to work for three months. He becomes angrier and angrier with himself, his job and his family. Stanislavski, who had to work when Jurgis got hurt, now has a permanently damaged hand, due to frostbite. Jurgis has to start beating Stanislovas so that he will go to work. Jonas goes missing, Jurgis suspects that he left so he wouldn’t have the burden of a family and he could keep his pay. Nikolaou and Vilimus have to start selling newspapers to make up for Stanislovas’ missing paycheck.

Characters Vilims- Tete’s eleven year old child who has to start selling newspapers when Jonas leaves. Nikolaou- Tete’s ten year old child, who has to start selling newspapers when Jonas leaves.

Quotes: "The peculiar bitterness of all this… and they did not want him."

Chapter 13 Kristoforas, Teta Elzbieta cripple son, dies. He became ill possible from eating tubercular pork sausages. Teta loved Kistoforas and adored him more than her other children because she let him get away with doing as he pleased. Teta begged for money to give him a funeral. Her daughter Little Katrina had to take care of her siblings while her mother works. Jurgis gets a job at a fertilizer factory and it begins to take toll on him, he starts to smell bad and he feels bad when he first begins to work. The boys, Vilimas and Nikalojus began to pick up bad habit such as vulgar language, gambling, a coming home late so Teta sends them to school. Characters- Kistoforas, Juozpas, Kotrina, Ona, Vilimas and Nikalojus Quotes- “He was a man, and he would do his duty...” Pg. 135

Chapter 15 It is wintertime, and with that comes extremely difficult times for workers. Hours are long and hard, and twice Ona does not come horme from work. She says that she couldn't make it home in the weather, so instead stayed at a friends house. Jurgis eventually finds out that she is lying, and demands to know where she's been. Ona, upset, explains that her boss, Mr. Connor, had been harrassing her at work. One night he raped her, and warned her that if she did anything about it, he would make sure that everyone in her family would be fired, and that they would never be able to find work again in the city. Outraged, Jurgis storms over to the factory and confronts Mr. Connor. He attacks him, and is arrested and brought to jail. Characters Mr. Connor- Ona's boss who takes advantage of her. Passages: "He told me-he would have me turned off. He told me he would-we would all lose our places. We could never get anything to do-here-again. He-he meant it- he would have ruined us." (Page 150) "To Jurgis this man's whole presence reeked of the crime he had committed... this great beast-and now he had it, he had it!" (Page 152)

Chapter 16 Jurgis is arrested and placed in a jail. Once he’s there the guard tells him that if he wants to leave he must pay three hundred dollars. He then finds out when his court day is. After the arrival of this news he sits in a cell by himself. In it is a hard wood bench and bed but he lies down on the floor. His thoughts are racing and he is very worried about his family. Will they starve and be thrown out of his house. Then he thinks about the man he beat up and wondered whether he killed him or not. Either way he deserved it in his mind. Around midnight he then hears bells. At first he was perplexed, but then realized that it was Christmas Eve. Past Christmas’s s began to flood his mind, giving him good and bad memories. This years Christmas he decides isn’t a good one and longs to leave and be with his family. Important Passages "Christmas Eve- he had forgotten it....wtih Christmas trees ablaze wtih electric lights." (195-196) "HE had no wit to trace back the social crime to its far sources- he could not say that it was the thing men have called "the system" that was crushing him to the earth; that it was the packers, his masters, who had bought up the law of the land, and had dealt out their brutal will to him from the seat of justice. He only knew that he was wronged, and that the world had wronged him; that the law, that society, with all its powers, had declared itself his foe. And every hour his soul grew blacker, every hour he dreamed new dreams of vengeance, of defiance, of raging, frenzied hate." (198)

Chapter 17 Jurgis has to wait for his trial in jail because he cannot pay bail. His cellmate is Jack Duane who claims to be part of the Chicago underworld. Jack is educated and from the East. His father was a businessman who was cheated by a big company and ended up killing himself. After seeing this Jack decided to become a safe cracker this is of course why he is in jail. Jack give Jurgis his mistress’ address and tells him to find her if he is innocent. The trial is a joke. Connor says that after he fired Ona, fairly, Jurgis attacked for revenge. Jurgis tells his side of the story, which contradicts everything that Connor said, through an interpreter, but the judge takes no note of it. Jurgis is sentences to a month in jail. In jail Jurgis breaks stones most of the time and is in the same place as all criminals. Jurgis hears that everyone in the family has lost their jobs. Ona cries in bed all day, Marija contracted blood poisoning, Tete’s factory shut down and there was a blizzard so Stanislovas couldn’t go to work. Begging is now the family’s only source of money.

Chapter 18 Jurgis was left in jail an extra three days because of a toll he was unable to pay and unaware of. Once released he walks all the way home in joy of being free. The weather is bad and he is not dressed fit for it. He finally makes it to his home to find new owners. He finds out from Grandmother Majauskiene that his family was unable to pay the bill and was forced to move. There home was sold in less than a week and they moved back with Aniele. He is hurt upset and ashamed. Dede died from a struggle to earn money. He arrived to his new place to the Ona ready to give birth. He hears he cries and scraps up money for a doctor. Here we see Jurgis angry at the system of work and how it leads to the deaths of people because it is unhealthy. Characters- Grandmother Majauskiene, Aniele Jukniene, Dede Antanas, Mrs. Olszewski Quotes- none

Characters: Jack Duane- Jurgis’ cellmate, introduces him to the Chicago crime world Phil Connor- Ona’s corrupt boss who testifies against Jurgis

Chapter 20 Encouraged by the thought of his son, Antanas, Jurgis goes out to find work. However, he quickly realizes that he has been blacklisted by Mr. Connor, and is unable to find a job. Eventually, Jurgis runs into an old acquintance, who gets him a job at a factory where they build harvesting machines. The working conditions are somewhat better, and Jurgis begins to regain a little bit of hope. He continues to work hard, and even begins learning English. One morning, though, Jurgis arrives at the factory and sees a sign on the door telling the workers that his department has been closed down. Passages: “He thought only of Ona;…floodgates of memory were lifted” (Page 204)

Chapter 21 The family is struggling terribly. Starvation has plagued the family to such an extent that the city dumps have now become their grocery stores. Worse yet is that Jurgis isn’t able to find work and is starting to grow restless because of his laziness. Eventually he goes off for over a week to look for a job. While on the search he sleeps in doorways and is fed by children who have some food to spare. While on this search though the family takes a sudden turn for the better. Teta Elzbieta’s son, Jouzapas, encounters a rich lady at the dump who took to him. After a little bit of talk she decides to visit where the live and see the conditions of it. She is immediately appalled by the conditions and after hearing Teta Elzbieta’s story she sends over a food basket and guarantee’s Jurgis a job at a steel mill. The job is really far away so Jurgis sleeps in polish boarding house then visits on Saturdays. One day he returns home to find that his son drowned in the mud in the street. It breaks his heart because the son was everything to him. Important Passages "He did not drink anything...by his angry demands." (247) "The men in these mills were all....he stared about him and marveled." (251) "One morning as Jurgis was passing....was laid up for eight working days without any pay." (254)

Chapter 22

Jurgis is devastated by the death of Antanas. Marija tells him that he went out to play and got caught in a mud puddle and drowned. Jurgis leaves the house yelling “dead.” He goes into the train yard and hides for the night. He hides in a boxcar and goes out to the countryside. The country revitalizes him. He regains some of his optimism and declares that Antanas is in a better place than Packingtown. One of the farmers that Jurgis asks for food offers him a job. Jurgis will not take it because it only lasts through November, not the winter. The farmer asks why he doesn’t have a job. Jurgis explains that everyone thinks that they can get a job in the city, so everyone goes there and it becomes over crowded. He does odd jobs for various farmers and easily earns much more than in the city. Everything that he makes he spends on whores and liquor. He also learns how to steal to get by from the other tramps roaming the country Eventually his conscience gets to him and he resolves to return to the city.

Characters Various farmers who help who antagonize Jurgis.

Passages “And every time that a thought of it assailed him- a tender memory, a trace of a tear- he rose up, cursing with rage, and pounded it down.” (226)

Chapter 23 Jurgis sets out for Chicago and find a job working underneath the streets of the city. His job paid well and he had four dollars to spare. He tried to spend wisely yet still of course he spent some money on drinking and such things. He spent time contemplating on whether to buy and overcoat which he didn’t. He breaks his arm while at work because an engine and load car dashed around a right angle, branches struck him upon his shoulder, hurling him again the concrete wall, knocking him senseless. Now his is hospitalized and out of work, unaware of legal action nothing is done. He sells his tolls for extra money and lives like bum. Trying to keep warm and live off a little more than two dollars for a month. He became a beggar. Characters- None Quotes- None

Chapter 25 Jurgis is in possession of a 100 dollar bill, and needs to find some way to break it. He goes to a saloon to see if he can get it exchanged, but the man tells him he must buy something first. Jurgis buys a beer for 5 cents, but in return the bartender only gives him 95 cents change. Jurgis is furious, and attacks the bartender. He is arrested and sentenced to ten days in jail, plus costs. In jail, Jurgis runs into Jack Duane, and when they were released they met up. Duane then takes Jurgis on his first mugging. They mug a man for his jewelry and wallet, and then just leave him. Later Jurgis finds out that the man suffered from a concussion and nearly died of frostbite, but he is soon able to put these things behind him, because he believes that the life of crime is right for him. Jurgis becomes more heavily introduced to the underground network of criminals. Jurgis meets Buck Halloran, who teaches him how to con money. Jurgis also becomes involved in politics, helping swing the vote in order to help a corrupt politician win. Characters -Buck Halloran- a powerful political worker Passages “Jurgis had thought…it in the future.” (Page 266) Jurgis attended and got half insane with drink... had Jurgis bailed out by telephone at four o'clock in the morning" (Page 271)

Chapter 26

Jurgis receives a very well paying job at a hog trimming plant. Shortly after receiving the job an organized strike is formed leaving Jurgis without any work. At first he tries to search for other jobs until he decides to be a scab (somebody who goes against the union) for a wage of three dollars per day. Due to the desperation of the Hog plant he is moved up quickly to become a boss on the killing beds and is paid considerably more. Shortly afterwards the strike ends and everyone returns to work until they found out that the union leaders are being denied work. This then causes another strike by the union, which turns into chaos. In the midst of the chaos Jurgis spots Connor and beats him up. It turns out thought that Connors is connected with thugs and the best thing that Jurgis could do was pay his bail and move a far reach in Chicago. Important Passages "There was no bringing order out....Jurgis was soon making quite a good income from it" (330) "Jurgis and two policemen chased some men into.....legend of Packingtown." (337-338)

Chapter 27 Jurgis is now begging everywhere for a job and begging for money. A strike ends and he becomes even more desperate for a job because the job market is so inflated with returning workers and the scabs hired from elsewhere. Jurgis is now homeless again and begging. Jurgis runs into someone whom he used to know. He gives him the address of where Marija is living now. When he gets to the address the police are in the middle of a raid. He soon finds out that it is a whorehouse. Marija tells Jurgis that Stanolivikis was killed by rats when he fell asleep at his job and that Jurgis should go see Tete. Jurgis is put into jail because of the raid and he spends the night thinking of what he did by abandoning his family.

Characters: Cassidy- Jurgis' boss.

Passages:

“Jurgis had looked into the deepest reaches of the social pit, and grown used to the sights in them. Yet when he had thought of all humanity as vile and hideous, he had somehow always excepted his own family, that he loved, and now this sudden horrible discovery- Marjia a whore, and Elzbetia and the children living off her shame!” (250)

Chapter 28 In chapter 28 Jurgis is holding a conversation with Marija and we learn her that she is a prostitute and that she stays among them. She is also an alcoholic and is addicted to morphine. He tries to get her to stop doing what she is doing but she says she cant because she is addicted to the drugs and it’s the only way to get an extra 15 dollars to send the children to school. She gives Jurgis Teta Elzbieta new address and tells him to go take care of them. Jurgis is jobless and feels ashamed, so he wants to get a job before he goes. While searching for a job he has no success but her comes across a meeting that was held in the same place as the one he attend when he had be homeless. He goes in there for salvation and learns that there is a speech being given but this time it is for the labor union. The speech is very powerful and compelling and it speaks of how laborers and dehumanized, cheated, and how they should fight for better. I think this is a turning point because Jurgis has a realization and a hope for change. He is restored and realizes now that he has been cheated and that something can be done about it. Characters- Madame Polly, Jack Duane Quotes- See pages 321-329 numerous quotes through out speech

Chapter 30 Jurgis returns to Teta Elzbieta and starts to spread the gospel of socialism. After much discussion Teta Elzbieta becomes converted and is a member of the socialist party like Jurgis is. Jurgis also decides to look for work and decides to stop by a hotel. When he stops by he doesn’t think that he has a chance of achieving a job there, but to his surprise the guy hires him because he just fired a porter for drinking. Jurgis then tells the man that he gave up drinking and will do a good job at work. Later when he goes home he finds out that the man that hired him, Tommy Hinds, is actually a very involved member in the socialist party. As time goes on Jurgis starts to realize that the hotel is full of socialist discussion and is quite often involved in them. He really enjoys his job and works hard because he likes the system that he’s apart of. He also begins to read pamphlets on socialism and then thinks about them while he’s working. Everything is going well for Jurgis and he begins to have hope again. He finds out though that he isn’t very good at converting people to socialism. Characters Tommy Hinds (owner of the hotel that Jurgis works at. He is a socialist leader and good man. He is well respected and is very good at converting people over to socialism.)

Questions

1. The purpose of writing the Jungle was to "propel the working men of America" who Sinclair felt were wronged. He felt that by describing in detail and showing the tragedies of the lower class, people would change the way that the system function. Sinclair was under the impression that he was writing a pro socialism book, but as it turns out he exposed the meat packing industry and showed how disgusting, but as it turns he exposed the meat packing industry and showed how disgusting, unsanitary, and inhumane it was. 2. This is a protest novel in the sense that it is protesting against the unimaginable working and living conditions that so many immigrants were forced to live in. Unlike most protest novels that include a thesis and don't have a credible plot, Sinclair uses a very realistic depiction of an immigrant’s life in America, and through that life he makes his point and protest. 3. When the book was released people couldn't believe the food that they had been eating. The book talks about TB meat and human limbs getting mixed up in the response to the book the government enacted the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 to ensure that meat was pure and safe to eat. 4. He argues that the jungle is a very powerful novel that will be timeless because of the type of issues that it addresses. While other books in the time period were about naturalism and topics that aren't relevant today, the Jungle is a book about the workingman and the meat packing industry, which still exist today. There is still a meat packing industry, and by reading a book like this you wonder whether the meat you're eating is safe, showing that the book did a good job of scaring you, and showing that it is still relevant and effective today. 5. The importance of the book was to show how business moguls and large industries are evil. They exploit the worker so that they can make millions and keep it for themselves. The message is that business gets a few rich and lavish lives, but gets the majority a life that leaves them begging and scraping to get by. That the rich have a nice house while the poor live in crumby shanty's owned by their boss and work in cramped spaces that have poor air. It shows that business is a pyramid scheme and while the rich get richer, the poor stay poor. 6.Mike Scully- Irishman who was a corrupt Democrat Bubbly Creek- A part of the Chicago River where they dumped all of the leftover parts of the cow. Packington- the part of Chicago where the meat packing factories are, and where the people who work there live Dr. Schliemann- Socialist leader who first inspired Jurgis to become a Socialist Tommy Hinds- owns the hotel where Jurgis works; key leader in the Socialist movement in Chicago. Very well-spoken and respected Madame Haupt- midwife who Jurgis hires when Ona is pregnant Jack Duane- shares a cell with Jurgis in jail and introduces Jurgis to the Chicago underworld of crime. 7. Jurgis and Ona came to America because of the stories Jonas told about America. They didn't have a good life in Lithuania, and they thought that America was a land of opportunity and prosperity. 8. The sellers of the houses make the deals look good on the outside, but really they aren't. They put all these hidden fees into the contract, and make it nearly impossible to ever own the home. 9. Jurgis is put in jail after attacking his wife's boss, Mr. Connor, who seduced and raped his wife. The cell is windowless and small. Jurgis is controlled and limited and always has somebody telling him what to do, just like the factory. It is essentially a factory, except they don't pay him. He is in jail for a month and an extra three days, to pay for being in jail. He is blacklisted by Mr. Connor, so that he can't find work anywhere. 10. Jurgis sprains his ankle when being chased by a loose steer. He is bed-ridden for three months and gets fired. After that he works at a steel mill. The conditions are bad, and the job is dangerous. 11. Antanas dies, and Jurgis cannot deal with it. After he returns from the farms, he gets a job digging tunnels for trains. 12. Jack is a term that people would call immigrants and unskilled workers, and that is what Jurgis was seen as. He is dehumanized because he has become a machine, and is no longer really considered a human. The socialist meeting helps Jurgis by giving him more confidence; he doesn't just feel like a machine, but can once again consider himself as a human being. 13. Schliemann considers himself a "philosopher anarchist" because he wants to get rid of laws and policies for good reasons. The Appeal was a socialist newspaper. Jurgis's realization was that he was not just a machine, and that he was not alone in the world of labor. He found hope, and a will to survive.