Group+3eblock

Please post your chapter summaries in this format No bold No bold No bold
 * Chapter Number _**
 * Brief description of the plot:**
 * Characters in the Chapter:**
 * Notable passages (including page number):**

 1. __What was Sinclair’s intention in writing The Jungle? How was the impact different than he anticipated? __ The Jungle exposes the horrors on the meat- packing industry. However, Sinclair’s had not intended the book to be very exposing. Instead, his intention was to focus on the argument for socialism (he had recently converted to socialism). This misunderstanding had made him a famous public figure overnight. He was attacked by the meat packing industry; and he had not hoped for such a response because his purpose was not to expose the truth about meat packing 2. __Why is this called a “protest” novel in the Introduction? __ The Jungle is called a protest novel because it is “an exposure of intolerable working and living conditions in the city of Chicago.” It tells the audience about the brutal life of immigrants at the turn of the century. Sinclair uses words to protest the conditions. 3. __What impact did the book have when it was released? __ The Jungle was first published in book form in 1906. When it was released it had a unshakable reputation because it made the audience’s stomach turn when they read about the unsanitary conditions and deceitful practices of the meat packing industries. It made the audience be there (in the meat packing industry) by reading Sinclair’s words. 4. __What criticisms does the Introduction writer offer of the book? __ The novel was considered an agitation instead of art because it was blunt. The disgusting details were considered crude compared to unflinching realists such as Theodore Dreiser, Frank Norris and Stephen Crane. He was called a muckraker and reformer with no literary technique whatsoever. 5. __What was the ultimate importance of the book? What is its message? __ The ultimate importance of the book was that Sinclair dedicated it to “the workingmen of America.” This was difference from any other novel written because from the French Revolution to Sinclair, all the authors who looked down upon the working class in their novels. They were seen as peasants and inferior to everyone. Sinclair dedicated the novel to the working men not only to tell the world about their conditions, but also to question the basis of the system (the ethic of competitive individualism, which turned the urban <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> landscape in a jungle). The message was to question whether or not the conditions of the working men were fair. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> 6. <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> __ ID the following: ____ Mike Scully: __ <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> an important person in Chicago politics, pretty much runs the city. Jurgis meets him when he is working as a criminal. __Bubbly Creek:__ The river going through Packingtown. Polluted and dirty, bubbling because of all chemicals. __Packingtown:__ <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif"> is where Jurgis and his family are going to live. It is the center of the meat- packing industry. It is evolving because a lot of the inhabitants are taking up the cause of socialism. It is not a number of firms, but one great firm called the Beef Trust. __Dr. Schliemann:__ Socialist speaker; part of socialism. He gives an explanation about socialism to a newspaper editor. __ Tommy Hinds: __ is the owner of a small hotel and an organizer for the socialist movement. He gives Jurgis a job as a porter at his hotel. Also, he uses Jurgis as an example of someone who has seen the cruelty of capitalism. __ Madame Haupt __ - a grumpy, fat, old midwife of Dutch decent; greedy for money, doesn’t care about patients; Jurgis has to get her help when Ona is pregnant, since she is the only midwife in the area. Screws Jurgis over, can’t even safe his wife and/or child. __ Jack Duane: __ a friend of Jurgis turned criminal who gets Jurgis involved in the Chicago underground life. Jurgis cell partner in jail. 7. __Why did Ona and Jurgis come to America?__ They came to American because they were in some financial problems at home and they thought that the country could give them the same riches that a family friend had gotten. They saw it as the land of opportunity and a place where they could make a great fortune and be free. 8.  __ In what ways does Sinclair take capitalism to task in the process of Jurgis “buying” a house? __ When Jurgis and his family realized that they had to pay an interest rate, they had fallen into a trap. Paying so much money would be very hard and the government made it difficult for people to pay for their house purposely. When the people did not pay, the government kicked them out and sold the house to another family who could not pay either. It is not fair if owners take advantage of the inhabitants. Capitalism means that the rich rule and take advantage of the poor; the system is corrupt. Also, we think that he uses the house as a metaphor for capitalism by showing how the house never ends in its needs, how there is always a new payment. And the agent is taking advantage of them and they can't control what they have or where they live. 9.  __ How does Jurgis end up in jail? __ Jurgis goes to jail for attacking Phil Connor, who is Ona's overseer and rapist. He is there for 30 days. Phil Connor blacklists him for beating him up. Sinclair says that jail is like his job because he is stuck there and he has really no other options if he wants to live. __ How does Sinclair compare the factory where Jurgis works with the cell where he spends his time? How long does he stay in jail? __ The description of the cell is very similar to the conditions of the factory. There is hardly any light and it is squalid. Jurgis stays in jail for a month. __Why is he blacklisted?__ Juris is blacklisted for almost killing Connor. 10.  __ How is Jurgis injured on the job? What happens to him? __ Often in the meat packing factories animals are not killed properly, so they start running. Jurgis hurts his ankle while trying to escape an alive animal. He has to stay at home for three months. __ How did Jurgis get hurt on the job? What happens to him? Where does he work after that? Describe the conditions: __ Jurgis is hit by an engine and a loaded car on his way out from the tunnels that knocked him against the wall and he passes out. He goes to the hospital and has a broken arm. After being releases from the hospital, Jurgis spends the last of his money and goes onto the street to beg because he can’t work with his arm issue 11. __What causes Jurgis to begin his life of wandering? What jobs does he have after he returns from his wanderings?__ The death of his son Antanas. he sees no point in staying in the city, just wants to get out. He works at a steelworks company when he returns from his wanderings. 12.  __ Why is Jurgis sometimes referred to as “Jack”? __ “ "Hello, Jack," said the saloonkeeper, when he entered – they call all foreigners and unskilled men "Jack" in Packingtown.” (186) __In what ways does he suffer dehumanization?__ if every unskilled man or foreigner is called "Jack" then there is no sense of personal identity. All of the foreingers are seen in the same light, which is dehumanizing because a person's idividuality is taken away. __<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">How does the socialist meeting help him to discover himself? __<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">The meeting was sort of a wake up call for Jurgis, he was so into the speech that his voice was gone because he couldn’t shout anymore. The speaker gives Jurgis confidence that he can do something and that he has the power. Jurgis realizes that there are so many others that are in a similar situation to his but yet he still is part of the economic system. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Jurgis feels like he has regained his voice. 13.  __<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">What was The Appeal? What important realization did Jurgis have as a result of his contact with socialism? __<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">The Appeal is a propaganda paper. It was full of ginger and spice, of Western slang and hustle. It was very versatile as it could be funny and serious. After joining the socialists Jurgis realized that workers were only the citizens of industry, and the Socialist movement was the expression of their will to survive. He began to fully believe in socialism and learned about how many people not believing in it. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"> __<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Why did Schliemann consider himself a “philosopher anarchist”? __ <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">An anarchist was one who believed that the end of human existence was the free development of every personality, unrestricted by laws save those of its being. His ideas were very philosophical, so he labeled himself as a philosophical anarchist.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Questions: **

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Ona Lukoszaite and Jurgis Rudkus, two immigrants from Lithuania, are being married in a place called Packingtown. They celebrate their wedding as per Lithuanian customs. Marija Berczynskas is taking care of the wedding and making sure everything goes smoothly. The hall is filled with food, music and dancing. Hungry people are allowed inside the hall to eat, according to tradition. The band is playing badly, but no one notices. The biggest celebration was when all the guests make a circle around the bride. Every man gets to dance with her and has to give her some money, which would help pay for the wedding. The celebrations run late into the night and Jurgis carries Ona home because there is no carriage for them. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jurgis: is the main character in this book. He is getting married to Ona and settling down in Packingtown. He has bog hands and shoulders. His eyes are black with beetling brows. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Ona: is marrying Jurgis at sixteen. She is blue- eyes and fair. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Marija: is Ona’s cousin. She is in charge of planning the wedding · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Elzbieta: is Ona’s stepmother. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Kotrina: is one of Elzbiete’s children. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Thomas Kuszleika: is the musician at the wedding. His band plays badly and he is more interested in the food, but he is inspired · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Packingtown: is where Jurgis and his family are going to live. It is the center of the meat- packing industry. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“Of these older people many wear clothing reminiscent in some detail of home- an embroidered waistcoat or stomacher, or a gaily colored handkerchief, or a coat with large cuffs and fancy buttons. All these things were carefully avoided by the young, most of whom have learned to speak English and to affect the latest style of clothing” (10). This shows that the gap between the young and the old is very wide in the Lithuavanian culture. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“It is very imprudent, it is tragic- but, ah, it is so beautiful! Bit by bit these poor people have given up everything else, but to this they cling with all the power of their souls- they cannot give up the veselija! To do that would mean, but merely to be defeated, but to acknowledge defeat- and the difference between these two things I what keeps the world going” (13). Jurgis and Ona hardly have money; however they are throwing an extravagant feast to celebrate their marriage. It shows that custom is very important to them. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“It was so wonderful to have a husband who could solve all problems, and who was so big and strong” (18). This quote tells us that Ona is very happy with Jurgis. We are told from the beginning that they love each other very much.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">CHAPTER 1 **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Plot Summary: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Important Characters: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">ID’s: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Quotes: **

At the beginning of this chapter the reader gets a chance to see why the family came to America. You get to see their background and get a better sense of who Jurgis is. You get a better description of him. The author speaks about Ona’s father and his death. His death is the reason they decide to move to America in hopes of becoming rich like a family friend that is already there. The family that leaves consists of twelve which include most of Ona’s family and Jurgis and his father. While coming they lose most of their savings. They are lucky enough although to find the shop of a fellow Lithuanian, who they become friends with. He leads them to a boarding house where they are to live. **Jonas** – He is Teta Elzbieta’s brother, who first encourages the family to travel to America. **Antanas** -He is Jurgis’s father, who travels to America with the rest of the family. **Marija** -She is Ona’s cousin, who travels to America with the rest of the family because her employer in the old country used to beat her. She is a large, strong woman, capable of standing up for herself. **Jokubas** - He is the owner of a delicatessen in Packingtown that isn’t doing to well. He tells the new coming family about the hardships of Chicago and directs them to a boarding house where they can live.
 * __Chapter 2__**
 * Plot Summary:**
 * Characters:**


 * Key Passages:**
 * Pg-21 There was too much health in him. He could not even imagine how it would feel to be beaten. "That is well enough for men like you," he would say, "silpnas, puny fellows-but my back is broad."
 * Pg 23-In that country, rich or poor, a man was free, it was said; he did not have to go into the army, he did not have to pay out his money to rascally officials-he might do as he pleased, and count himself as good as any other man. So America was a place of which lovers and young people dreamed. If one could only manage to get the price of a passage, he could count his troubles at an end.
 * Pg 31- All the sordid suggestions of the place were gone-in the twilight it was a vision of power. To the two who stood watching while the darkness swallowed it up, it seemed a dream of wonder, with its talc of human energy, of things being done, of employment for thousands upon thousands of men, of opportunity and freedom, of life and love and joy

__Why did Jurgis and Ona come to America?__ They came to American because they were in some financial problems at home and they thought that the country could give them the same riches that a family friend had gotten. They saw it as the land of opportunity and a place where they could make a great fortune and be free.
 * Chapter 3**


 * Summary:** Jokubas, a “delicatessen vendor” works at a slaughter house in Packingtown where Jurgis is receiving a tour with his family because Jurgis recently received a job there. Sinclair gives a very detailed description of the place. The plant is jammed packed full of cattle, hogs, and sheep and all of them are there for the same reason. Conditions for the workers in there are disgusting, there is blood all over the place, in some spots, up to a half an inch in accumulation. Also, a health inspector is mentioned whose job is to check the hogs to make sure they do not have tuberculosis but he often lets many dead hogs go by without him touching them, which is very troubling. Sinclair notes how inhumane the practice seems to some people who get tours of the place but for those who work there it is very business like. Jurgis is absolutely fascinated by the pace of work that is going on inside and all of the people that are working there so hard because that is the America that he came for, hard work.


 * Characters:** Jokubas- A friend of Jurgis’ family from Lithuania who is their guide around Packingtown and is very helpful up to this point for Jurgis because they are both speak the same language.

pg 33 “Had he not just gotten a job, and become a sharer in all this activity, a cog in this marvelous machine?” This quotation shows Jurgis’ interest and enthusiasm for all of the things that he sees going on around him. Jurgis is fascinated by all the movement that is going around him and he firmly believes the American dream is about hard work and now that he is able to take part in that, he is living the dream. Pg 37 “One could not…of his sacrifice?” In this quotation, I believe that Sinclair is comparing the hogs that are getting slaughtered and mistreated to immigrants who are mistreated. Sinclair states that nobody seems to care for and appreciate the sacrifices of the hogs like people do not appreciate what immigrant workers do. Despite all of those sacrifices that immigrants make, they are still mistreated very poorly and impersonally. Pg 41 “This floor was half an inch deep with blood, in spite of the best efforts of men who kept shoveling it through holes.” This does not need much of an explanation, it shows the working conditions in Packingtown and the blood is of cattle.
 * Quotations:**

Plot summary ** <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jurgis, his family and the group of friends with whom he lives go on a big job search. He and two of his friends get lucky and are employed at different places. Jurgis himself is working in a factory cleaning out the entrails of cattle. When their financial situation starts looking pretty good and they have a little money to spend, they find the ad of a housing company. They know they can’t stay in the place where they live right now for long, so the investment seems tempting. After a while of thinking, calculating and rethinking they decide to visit the house. It seems alright to them, they are only a little bit worried if they might get swindled. However, they finally decide on buying the house and taking the risk. It is a little bit more expensive than a flat at rent, but the investment is worth it how it looks to them. Characters ** <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jurgis – is a hard-working and good man, who is starting his new life in America. He gets his first job, which is indescribably exciting for him, and with the new earnings he will be able to support his wife Ona and help his family and friends. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Ona – Jurgis wife, is a nice and very young woman, but a little bit shy. “Teta Elzbieta should stay at home to keep house, and that Ona should help her” (43). <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Teta Elzbieta – is Ona’s stepmother. “Teta Elzbieta should stay at home to keep house, and that Ona should help her” (43). <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jonas - “Brother Jonas had gotten his job, and was pushing a truck in Durham's” (48) He is also taking a share in the house, since he is Ona’s brother. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Szedvilas – keeps the delicatessen store. He helped the family negotiating when they were buying the house, since he can speak English. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Marija – Ona’s cousin, got work as a can-painter in a factory. She is, just like Jonas, one of Jurgis’ and Ona’s companions, and furthermore she is holding a share of the house as well. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Stanislovas – Teta Elzbieta’s oldest son, he is thirteen. Jurgis wants him to go to school later and not already to work. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Dede Antanas – Jurgis’ dad, is very old. He is rather a burden than a pillar of the family in economic terms. He tries desperately to find a job, but there is no realistic way that he could be successful or get lucky. Key passages ** <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“It was a sweltering day in July, and the place ran with steaming hot blood--one waded in it on the floor. The stench was almost overpowering, but to Jurgis it was nothing. His whole soul was dancing with joy--he was at work at last! He was at work and earning money!” (42) <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“They went a long way, on purpose to find a man who would not be a confederate. Then let any one imagine their dismay, when, after half an hour, they came in with a lawyer, and heard him greet the agent by his first name! They felt that all was lost; they sat like prisoners summoned to hear the reading of their death warrant. There was nothing more that they could do--they were trapped!” (50)
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Chapter Number 4 **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">


 * Chapter 5**
 * Summary:** This chapter highlights the poor conditions of the meat packing industry. They move into their new house and respond to an ad buying furniture for their new home. The whole family is very excited about the house. Jurgis works hard and has an optimistic attitude but still is surprised by the speeding up system in the factories, but he understands every man is looking out for himself and if someone isn’t strong enough they loose their job. The rest of the family discovers the corruption in Packingtown. Marija realizes her and Jonas's jobs come at the expense of the person who previously held the job. And Dede Antanas gets a job but with poor conditions.

Dede Antanas has trouble finding a job, and is very frustrated. Than one day he is offered a job if he gives a third of his wages to a middleman. Jurgis talks to Tamoszius Kuszleika who explains that everything in Packingtown is corrupt. Marija finds out she got her position after the Irish woman who had been working there for 15 years got sick, Marija feels bad because the woman had a crippled son. Jonas also got his job at the trouble of someone else, the person before him was crushed by a cart loaded with ham.
 * People:**

“This was the first time in his life…every faculty of a man” (59) “Jurgis asked them what…when he got it” (60) “But Jurgis had no sympathy…good for anything” (61) “Jurgis had come there…throw him into the gutter” (63) “When he came home…his faith in America” (66) CHAPTER 6 (Saachi) ** <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Ona and Jurgis are introduced to Grandmother Majauszkiene. She lives a few blocks away with her grown son. She tells Ona and Jurgis the story of the house they had bought. Grandmother Majauszkiene and her son were able to pay the full payment for their house; however, most other families are not able to. When the families did not pay the monthly payment they were kicked out and the house was sold to another unfortunate family who could not pay for the house either. According to her, Jurgis and Ona’s house was built from very weak materials. She told them the story of their house and how four other families had lived there before Ona and Jurgis. She told them that their house was unlucky because every family that had lived in this house had someone die, whether it was son or a mother. She also revealed to the family that they had to pay interest on top of the $12. This shocked Jurgis’s family because they had not been informed of this extra cost. The next day, Ona and Teta Elzbieta visited the office of the agent to conform the interest. Ona had to take on a job in order to help pay for the extra cost. She was able to get the job sewing covers by paying $10 to the forelady. The little kid, Stanislovas was forced to start working as well. He bad to get a certificate stating her was two years older in order to get the job. His job was working at a lard-canning machine for $3 a week. With all the extra money flowing in, Ona and Jurgis still had nothing left after paying for the house. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Grandmother Majauszkiene: The family’s neighbor who had lived in Packingtown for a long time. She is an elderly widow who lived with her son a few blocks away. She tells the family the misfortune of the house they bought. Also, she informs them of the family of the $7 interest they have to pay every month. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“Jurgis and Ona were very much in love; they had waited a long time- it was now well into the second year, and Jurgis judged everything by the criterion of it shelping or hindering their union. All his thoughts were there; he accepted the family because it was of Ona, and he was interested in the house because it was to be Ona’s home” (67). This passage informs the readers about Jurgis’s unconditional love for Ona. Love is a very important part in their life because it keeps them united with all the financial difficulties they have to overcome. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“You are like all the rest, they trick you and eat you alive. They never sell the houses without interest. Get your deed, and see” (73). Immigrants came to America in search for prosperity; however, they faced challenges they never imagined. They were taken advantage off because they were immigrants. They have to watch their back’s constantly in order to survive. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“As if in a flash of lighting they saw themselves- victims of a relentless fate, concerned, trapped, in the grip of destruction” (73). Immigrants left their country because they had not found happiness there. However, in America they are in the same condition because they do not have the practical knowledge to defend or protect themselves against the whites. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“It was a part of fate, they would manage it somehow- he made his usual answer, ‘I will work harder’” (74). It is amazing to me that Jurgis’s attitude is unwavering. His family is going through a lot of obstacles; however, he keeps an open mind about the future. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">The main theme in this chapter is what immigrants hoped for and what they got. They came to America to achieve the American dream; however, they found themselves buried deep in the ground. This chapter shows the difficulties they had to go through and how corrupt America was. Ona had to give the forelady $10 in order to get a job. Their expectations are turning out to be false and there is nothing they can do about it. Another theme is the evil of capitalism. Capitalism is based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods. Sinclair is mocking this because the whites are following capitalism; however, they cheat on the immigrants. How are the immigrants suppose to own something if there is a hidden rate within the product? · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Packingtown: is not a number of firms, but one great firm called the Beef Trust. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">In what ways does Sinclair take capitalism to task in the process of Jurgis “buying” a house? <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">When Jurgis and his family realized that they had to pay an interest rate, they had fallen into a trap. Paying so much money would be very hard and the government made it difficult for people to pay for their house purposely. When the people did not pay, the government kicked them out and sold the house to another family who could not pay either. It is not fair if owners take advantage of the inhabitants. Capitalism means that the rich rule and take advantage of the poor; the system is corrupt.
 * Quotes:**
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Plot Summary: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Important Characters: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Quotes: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Key Themes: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">ID’s: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Questions: **

At the beginning of this chapter you see how much debt the weeding has caused them and how much they have to work to try to pay off theirs debts. Some of them are sick put that can’t stop them because of the fear of losing their jobs. You see just how the harsh Chicago winter can be. They speak about how hard it is to work in the conditions at work. There isn’t enough heat and disease and death is all around. During all this Jurgis won father dies. With all this Jurgis continues to work hard to save his family from despair and starvation.
 * __Chapter 7__**
 * Plot Summary**
 * Key Passages**
 * Pg 77-They had opened their hearts, like flowers to the springtime, and the merciless winter had fallen upon them. They wondered if ever any love that had blossomed in the world had been so crushed and trampled!
 * Pg 78**-** You went about with your soul full of suspicion and hatred; you understood that you were environed by hostile powers that were trying to get your money, and who used all the virtues to bait their traps with.
 * Pg 81**-** Yet old Antanas would not quit; he saw the suffering of his family, and he remembered what it had cost him to get a job. So he tied up his feet, and went on limping about and coughing, until at last he fell to pieces, all at once and in a heap, like the One-Horse Shay. They carried him to a dry place and laid him on the floor, and that night two of the men helped him home. The poor old man was put to bed, and though he tried it every morning until the end, he never could get up again.
 * Pg 82-Perhaps it was just as well that Jurgis had to give all his attention to the task of having a funeral without being bankrupted, and so had no time to indulge in memories and grief.
 * Pg 88-When they would go out to another day of toil, a little weaker, a little nearer to the time when it would be their turn to be shaken from the tree.
 * Chapter 8**


 * Summary:** At the beginning of the chapter, Jurgis’ sister, Marija, becomes enamored by a violinist named Tamoszius. Tamoszius and Marija go out together to parties because Tomoszius is such a well known violinist and people love listening to him play, especially Jurgis’ family. His music brings a little bit of hope to the people who he plays for and people can identify with the stories of his struggles. Eventually, Tamoszius asks Marija to marry him and she accepts his offer. Shortly after that, the canning factory in which Marija works at is shut down and she is out of work. She tries desperately to find work all over the place but is unsuccessful. Jurgis also has struggles at his work because there is not a lot of business for his plant and because of that, the workers are no longer paid for partial hours and if there is no work to be done on certain days, the workers do not make any money on those days. Because Jurgis is so disgruntled with this practice, he agrees to join a labor union and is fascinated by what goes on. He accepts it as his new religion and goes out and recruits other Lithuanians to join his union. All of the other members of the family join various unions as well, although they have a misguided view of the powers of those unions.

Tamoszius: Violinist mentioned above who dates and becomes engaged to Marija. Tommy Finnegan- Man who delivers a very passionate speech at a union meeting that Jurgis becomes very engaged in and strengthens Jurgis’ passion for the union.
 * Characters:**

pg 89 “A wonderful privilege it was to be thus admitted into the soul of a man of genius, to be allowed to share the ecstasies and the agonies of his life.” This quotation is talking about how Jurgis and his family feel when they get the pleasure of listening to Tamoszius play his violin and how they identify with his journey. Pg 92 “There were weeks at a time when Jurgis went home after such a day as this with not more than two hours’ work to his credit--which meant about thirty-five cents.” I found this quotation to sum up perfectly how poorly the workers were being treated in the plant. It is the fault of the higher up people in the company that there is not enough to do yet the workers are the ones suffering. Pg 95 “But the speakers were all desperately in earnest, and Jurgis was in earnest too, for he understood that a fight was on, and that it was his fight.” This is Jurgis’ launching point for his passion for the unions and gives a great quick statement as to why Jurgis not only has joined a union, but has become actively involved in one, because he feels that with all these people together as one, they have power to wage this fight.
 * Quotations:**

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">In the beginning, Jurgis discovers the Union and praises it for many things. The most important things among these were that he had a chance to learn English and, therefore, improve his conditions since he was able to interact with other people, and that he learned about democracy and how he could vote and take part in the great system of American Freedom. “It made him pay attention to the country” (91). Moreover, the monopoly situation in Packingtown is discussed. Mike Scully, the local boss, is controlling everything that is going on. The chapter brings attention to the corrupt situation in Chicago, as well as to the unsanitary conditions in the meat packing industry. It is describing in detail what exactly is put into the cans, sausages and other products of Packingtown. The grossness of the work there is brought to light and the unsanitary state of the factories and especially products. Characters ** <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Mike Scully – the boss of Packingtown. “Mike Scully […] bossed even the mayor of the city.” (92) He is very corrupt and doesn’t care about anything other than his money. He is owning the city. Key passages ** <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“Also the union made another great difference […] the same sort of hunger?” (91) <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“In local elections the Democratic Party always carried everything. The ruler of the district was therefore the Democratic boss, a little Irishman named Mike Scully. Scully held an important party office in the state, and bossed even the mayor of the city, it was said; it was his boast that he carried the stockyards in his pocket.” (92) <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“There were cattle which had been fed on "whisky-malt," the refuse of the breweries, and had become what the men called "steerly"-- which means covered with boils. It was a nasty job killing these, for when you plunged your knife into them they would burst and splash foul-smelling stuff into your face” (96)
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Chapter Number 9 **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Plot summary **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">

After the family’s pipes burst they realize that they have a lot of other costs that come with the house that they were unaware of and that they can’t control. For example if the city wants to put in a sidewalk they will have to pay for it. But warm weather soon comes and with it comes flies and disease in the factories. Ona gives birth to a baby boy they name Antanas after Jurgis’s father. Ona goes back to work a week after giving birth and has trouble with her forelady. Mirija gets her job back only to lose it again after a fight over wages.
 * Chapter 10**
 * Summary:**

Mirija regains her job but after two months she confront the people in charge for the cans she has completed but hasn’t been paid for and gets fired, this teaches the whole family not to speak out. Ona gives birth to a baby, who they name Antanas, and goes back to work a week later, which is the beginning of her health problems. She has problems with her forelady, Mrs. Henderson. Mrs. Henderson runs a brothel and recruits woman from where Ona works to work for her and she hates Ona because she is an honest married woman.
 * People:**

“The winter went…them and starvation” (105) “Such were the cruel terms…able to keep alive?” (105-106) “One time, in a single… wallowed in uncleanness” (107-108) “Four or five miles…to it for life” (108) “She learned her lesson…come what will” (110) “But day by day the…out in her for life” (111-112) “Here was a population…system of chattel slavery” (113) “They would have to work…mite of human possibility” (115)
 * Quotes:**

8. I think that he uses the house as a metaphor for capitalism by showing how the house never ends in its needs, how there is always a new payment. And the agent is taking advantage of them and they can't control what they have or where they live.
 * Questions:**

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">The workers at the meat packing factory are working at a greater speed and their wages are still cut. Marija opens a bank account for her savings. However, one morning she finds out that there has been a run on the bank. She starts to get in a line to collect her money, but she realizes that she does not have her bank book. So, she hurries home to get the bank book. When she returns the line has gotten very long. She takes her place at the end and waits for two day to get her savings bank. It is revealed that a policeman had tried to arrest a drunk driver. A crowd gathered around and they thought there was a run on the bank, so everyone hurried to withdraw their money. In truth, there was no run on the book. Marija sewed her money in her dress and carries it with her every day. Later in the chapter, Jurgis sprains his ankle. The factory sometimes has all hell break loose when an animal is not killed properly. It starts running everywhere and the workers also start running to avoid the animal. During one of these incidents Jurgis turns his ankle while trying to run. The family is troubled because they have one full income cut off. One is forced to cut into the bank account she has created because dollar sixty five a day is not enough to feed the entire family. Jurgis is feelings guilty as well and his little son is the only way to forget about his problems. Stanislovas develops frostbite in his hands · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jurgis: is forced to stay at home for three months because of his sprained ankle. He feels very guilty about not being able to contribute; however, he gets closer to his newest son. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Antanas: is the newest child of Jurgis and Ona. Jurgis often spends time with Antanas because he is stuck at home. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Marija: boards at Ona’s house with her husband. She opens a bank account and is always paranoid about her money disappearing. One day, she has to withdraw her money because there is a false run on the bank. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“One of the girls had read somewhere that a red flag was the proper symbol for oppressed workers, and so they mounted one, and paraded all about the yards, yelling with rage” (116). The gory descriptions of the workers situation helps the readers understand the tragedy of the meat packing industry. However, the workers revolt also tells the readers about their situation. Their condition has to be bad for them to protest. It shows that the workers were willing to risk their lives to get a better life. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“It was a week before Christmas that the first storm came, and then the soul of Jurgis roles up within him like a sleeping lion…He had faces difficulties before, but they had been child’s play; now there was a death struggle, and all the furies were unchained within him” (120). This quote stuck out to me because there is a uniformity in the book about Jurgis’s courage. He might be going through the hardest points of his life; however, he always has the courage to stand up to his problems. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“It might be true, then, after all, what others had told him about life, that the best powers of a man might not be equal to it! It might be true that, strive as he would, toil as he would, he might fail, and go down and be destroyed!” (123). This is the first time in the book( at least for the chapters I have read) when I have noticed Jurgis’s courage drive decreasing because of his broken ankle. This quote lets the readers know about Jurgis’s character. He feels very guilty because he cannot contribute to the families welfare. · __<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">How is Jurgis injured on the job? What happens to him? __ <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Often in the meat packing factories animals are not killed properly, so they start running. Jurgis hurts his ankle while trying to escape an alive animal. He has to stay at home for three months. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">The theme in this chapter is the working conditions in Packingtown. Jurgis getting injured at work takes him one step farther away from his American dream.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">CHAPTER 11 (Saachi) **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Plot Summary: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Important Characters: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Key Quotes: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Questions: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Key Themes: **


 * __Chapter 12__

Plot Summary** This chapter opens with Jurgis being injured. He is in despair because he feels like he can’t provide for his family the way he is supposed to. The harsh winter also causes Stanislovas to suffer from severe frostbite which leaves some of his fingers permanently damaged. Another hardship that the family has to deal with is the disappearance of Jonas. They need his input financially to the family so that also creates a problem. That causes more of the children to be taken out of school so they can earn a living. Stanislovas – He is one of Teta Elzbieta’s children. He is around fourteen/fifteen. Due to the situation that he encounter with getting really bad frostbite is scared to go out and work because of his fear. He is sometimes beaten by Jurgis so he can go to work.
 * New Important Characters:**
 * Key Passages**
 * Pg 127-But perhaps the worst of the consequences of this long siege was that they lost another member of their family; Brother Jonas disappeared.
 * Pg 131- The peculiar bitterness of all this was that Jurgis saw so plainly the meaning of it. In the beginning he had been fresh and strong, and he had gotten a job the first day; but now he was second-hand, a damaged article, so to speak, and they did not want him. They had got the best of him—they had worn him out, with their speeding-up and their carelessness, and now they had thrown him away!

Chapter 13

Summary: Kristoforas, the youngest daughter of Teta Elzbieta who is crippled and constantly sick, dies due to bad meat in the form of a sausage. A suggestion is made that the meat might have had tuberculosis like Jurgis mentioned at the beginning. Most of the family feels that a burden has been lifted from them because it was very disheartening to see Kristoforas crawling around because she was so unhealthy. Teta Elzbieta is absolutely crushed however by this death and weeps for a long period after the death. Jurgis does not want to give any money to the funeral cause so Marija gives ten dollars. In the spring, Jurgis looks for a while for work and eventually has to settle on the worst job in town, working at a fertilizer mill. Conditions in the mill are disgusting, Jurgis can barely get through his first week of work and after work, carries the stench of the mill with him wherever he goes because the chemicals have gotten into his skin very deeply. During the summer, America is doing very well economically which means jobs are abundant for those in Packingtown. In that summer, Vilimas and Nikalojus begin to wander the streets and start to gamble, swear, and not come home some nights. Because of that, the family decides that it is best that those two go back to school when fall comes. Teta Elzbieta takes a job in a sausage factory and the work is long and boring, and it begins to take a toll on her physical well being.

Characters: Kristoforas- Daughter of Teta Elzbieta who is crippled and dies due to the bad sausage.

Quotations: pg 133 “No one was really sorry about this except poor Elzbieta, who was inconsolable.” This quotation is talking about the family’s reaction to the death of Kristoforas and how nobody is all that devastated because of how depressing it was to see her around the house. However, Elzbieta is absolutely torn by her death because Kristoforas was the child who she loved the most. Pg 135 “For the odors of these ghastly charnel houses there may be words in Lithuanian, but there are none in English” This is one of the reasons as to why so few men are willing to and take work in the fertilizer mill. The mill is the last place people want to work, literally, and there is no escaping the odor while you are at work, or outside of the mill because the odor stays with you because it is so strong. Pg 141 “The woman did not go on; she stayed right there-hour after hour, day after day, year after year, twisting sausage links and racing with death.” If all you are doing for your work is racing with death, then that job you have is by no means a decent one, but Elzbieta has to make this sacrifice because she still needs to provide for her family.

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Swindles in the meat packing industry · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Elzbieta’s department, sausage factory: The butt ends of meat and “there were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit.” (135) · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jurgis is alcoholic; doesn’t want his family to know, but thinks that it is the only way to flee the real world that has become so cruel to them · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Little Antanas is sick; has had all diseases he could get as a little child in one year, also malnourished · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Ona is pregnant again, “is going to pieces” (139). She is emotionally destroyed and Jurgis can’t stand it, the family is at a total lowpoint. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Little Antanas – Jurgis' and Ona's little child; not fed enough, sick.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Chapter Number 14 **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Plot summary **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Characters **

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“This is no fairy story […] in the cellar and left there.” (135) <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“Yet the soul of Ona was not dead – the souls of none of them were dead, but only sleeping.” (136) <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“And from all the unending horror of this there was a respite, a deliverance--he could drink! He could forget the pain, he could slip off the burden; he would see clearly again, he would be master of his brain, of his thoughts, of his will. His dead self would stir in him, and he would find himself laughing and cracking jokes with his companions--he would be a man again, and master of his life.” (137) <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“For Ona was visibly going to pieces.” (139)
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Key passages **


 * Chap 15**

This is a really upsetting chapter. Ona’s health gets worse and she frequently has fits of hysteria, sobbing and moaning uncontrollably. She doesn’t return home once and blames it on the snow and says she stayed with a friend. Than she doesn’t return home a second night she tries to tell her family and Jurgis that she was wandering the streets out of her mind. But Jurgis knows she is lying because in his search for Ona her friend told Jurgis she had never stayed with her. He demands to know where she was, she cries and falls apart but he forces a confession from her. She explains that her overseer, Phil Connor, raped her and forced her to work in a brothel. He threatened to have every wage earning person in her household fired, and finally rapes her when they are alone in the factory. Jurgis flies into a rage and runs to her factory and beats him unconscious. He is pulled off of Phil Connor and taken to the police station.
 * Summary:**

Ona gets sick in this chapter and her sexual abuse comes to light. Mrs. Henderson is the owner of the brothel Ona is forced to work at. Phil Connor rapes Ona and forces her to work in a brothel. For these offences Jurgis attacks him. Ona tells Jurgis she is with Jadvyga when she is working as a prostitute.
 * People:**

“All her fright and…her haunted eyes of terror” (152) “It was if he had…out her arms to him” (156) “Jurgis could see her…fell forward at his feet” (157) “He begged me…he broke into a run” (160) “To Jurgis this man’s…head upon the floor” (161) “In a flash…to take him away” (162)
 * Quotes:**

9. Jurgis goes to jail for attacking Phil Connor, who is Ona's overseer and rapist. He is there for 30 days. Phil Connor blacklists him for beating him up. Sinclair says that jail is like his job because he is stuck there and he has really no other options if he wants to live. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jurgis is sent to jail for nearly killing his boss. He had to live in squalid quarters, which opened up to homeless wanderers at night. Jurgis feels very guilty for his action because it resulted in Ona handling their financial situation all by herself. He thinks that Ona will never forgive him. The shame of his actions and not forgiving him would kill her. Jurgis had nothing to do so he imagined worse case scenario’s that could happen to his family. Jurgis is taken for a trial. He was to stay in jail for a week and his bond was $300. He is taken back to the country jail, where he is ordered to bathe and walk down a long corridor with inmates sneering at him. Jurgis is put in a small cell with a bug infested mattress. In the distance a church tower bells started to ring and Jurgis realized that it was Christmas Eve. Jurgis reminisces the previous Christmas Eve and is again overcome by guilt for leaving his family all alone. He feels that the Christmas chimes are mocking him because they keep on ringing and he is nowhere near his family. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jurgis: is put in jail for almost killing his boss. He is overcome with feelings on guilt as paces his cell. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Pat Callahan: is the justice for Jurgis’s case. Callahan had begun his life as a butcher boy. He later went into politics and had held two offices before he was old enough to vote. He was very confident in himself. He gave up holding offices. He spent his time for party power and superintending his dives and brothels. Later on as his children were growing up he starts to value respectability and became a magistrate. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“What was any tyranny of prison compared with the tyranny of the past, of the think that had happened and could not be recalled, of the memory that could never be effaced! The horror of it drove him mad, he stretched out his arms to heaven, crying out for deliverance from it- and there was no deliverance, there was not power even in heaven that could undo the past” (164). In jail, Jurgis has started to feel very depressed and guilty about his actions. His mind is ideal and bad thoughts pour into his mind every day. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“It was their one hope of respite, as long as they lived; they had put all their money into it- and they were working people, poor people, whose money was their strength, the very substance of them, body and soul, the thing by which they lived and for lack of which they died” (165). Money is a very important factor in this book. This passage conveys the idea that it can either make or break the immigrants that come to America · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“It was too far off for Santa Claus in Lithuania, but it was not too far for peace and good will to men, for the wonder- bearing vision of the Christ Child. And even in Packingtown they had not forgotten it- some gleam of it had never failed to break their darkness” (168). Jurgis and his family have come a long way from home; however, their traditions and culture is still alive within them. It is interesting that even though his family is having a very hard time, they still manage to celebrate Christmas their way and be happy. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“They put him in a place where the snow could not beat in, where the cold could not eat through his bones; they brought him food and drink—why, in the name of heaven, if they must punish him, did they not put his family in jail and leave him outside—why could they find no better way to punish him than to leave three weak women and six helpless children to starve and freeze?” (169-170). This quote tells the readers about Jurgis’s mindset when he is in jail. He thinks that the real prisoners are his family because they have to survive without his support. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“He only knew he was wronged, and that the world had wronged him, that the law, that society, with all its powers, had declared itself his foe” (170). Jurgis feels that there is no justice in the world because he is stuck in jail without his family. This quote is interesting because Jurgis is in jail because of his mistake and he thinks the world is against him. · How does Sinclair compare the factory where Jurgis works with the cell where he spends his time? How long does he stay in jail? <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">The description of the cell is very similar to the conditions of the factory. There is hardly any light and it is squalid. Jurgis stays in jail for a week. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">The theme in this chapter is capitalism. Sinclair is insulting capitalism by putting Jurgis in jail and leaving his family to survive on their own. Sinclair thinks that capitalism is a evil because male immigrants are put in jail and the women (who get paid less) are suppose to meet the demands of the government.
 * Questions:**
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">CHAPTER 16 ****<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> (Saachi) **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Plot Summary: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Important Characters: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Key Quotes: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Questions: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Key Themes: **

The beginning of this chapter open up with Jurgis being in jail from what we will later find is because he hit his boss. The reason we also know for hitting his boss it because he seduced his wife. While in jail he becomes friends with Jack Duane. Jack is says that he is well educated and as done many things to be where he is. His different professions that he has gone through show how the situation has effected who he is. He then goes to his trial where both Elzbieta and Kotrina both attend. He tries to explain to the judge the reason for his actions but isn’t heard and receives 30 days in jail even though he knows he won’t be able to work for his family and they could possibly starve. While he is serving his prison sentence Stanislovas comes to visit him and tells him about all the families’ troubles. They are all sick and struggling to stay afloat.
 * __Chapter 17__**
 * __ P __lot Summary:**

Jack Duane  –A man who meets Jurgis in prison and seems to be well educated and experienced. He tells about the different occupations that he has had and how he got to prison.
 * Key Characters:**


 * Key passages**
 * Pg 174-Jack Duane was from the East; he was a college-bred man-had been studying electrical engineering. Then his father had met with misfortune in business and killed himself; and there had been his mother and a younger brother and sister.
 * Pg 178-Far down the room he saw Elzbieta and Kotrina, risen from their seats, staring in fright; he made one effort to go to them, and then, brought back by another twist at his throat, he bowed his head and gave up the struggle.
 * Chapter 18**

Due to the fact that Jurgis is unable to pay the fee for his trial, he has to stay in prison for the more days than he would otherwise. After being released, he makes the twenty mile journey to the house in Packingtown by foot because he has no money in his current possession after being in jail, only to discover that some other family is living there. He goes to see Grandmother Majauszkiene who tells Jurgis that the family was evicted from the house because they could no longer pay the rent. Grandmother tells Jurgis that the family is now living at the first boarding house where the family first went when they came to America. As Jurgis begins the trek to the old house, he realizes how unfairly life has been to him and his family. Upon arriving at the old building, Jurgis hears screams coming from Ona who is in premature labor. On Jurgis’ way up to see Ona, Marija stops him and tells him what is going on and because Jurgis can not stand the screams, he goes around and collects $1.25 from various women to find some kind of help for Ona.
 * Summary:**

pg 183 “The agony was almost over.” Jurgis has gone through a lot of agony in his life and he makes the assumption that because he is now out of jail, the agony will stop for a while. Of course, once he thinks this, he finds himself on a long, rough journey back home where conditions are very unfriendly and he gets lost a little bit. Pg 188 “It was monstrous, it was unthinkable--they could not do it--it could not be true! Only think what he had suffered for that house--what miseries they had all suffered for it--the price they had paid for it!” The house that the family had was as Jurgis views it, a small reward in comparison to what the entire family had gone through and now, that little token has been taken away from them. This demonstrates perfectly how unfair life is to Jurgis and his family. Pg 191 “He was almost out of his mind. It was all new to him, raw and horrible, it had fallen upon him like a lightning stroke.” For as bad of a day Jurgis has already had, this is the tip of the iceberg for him, he has to come home only to discover that his wife is going through extreme pain not just for a normal birth, but for a premature one. This is the kind of luck Jurgis has had throughout most of his life here in America.
 * Quotations:**

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jurgis gets out of jail, comes home. But: His wife Ona is pregnant, ready to give birth to a child. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Her labor is very painful and complicated; Jurgis has to get a midwife. The only one in the area is Madame Haupt, a grumpy, fat, old lady of Dutch decent who charges an incredible amount of 25 dollars for her service. Jurgis promises to pay her later, and she is willing to come. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Unfortunately, it is not possible for Madame Haupt to save Ona or the child, both die. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jurgis is emotionally destroyed; weeping for Ona all night. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Takes money one of the children just made, goes to a saloon to get drunk. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Madame Haupt - a grumpy, fat, old midwife of Dutch decent; greedy for money, doesn’t care about patients; not nice. Screws Jurgis over, can’t even safe his wife and/or child. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“But it was all in vain – she faded from him, she slipped back and was gone. And a wail of anguish burst from him, great sobs shook all his frame, and hot tears ran down his cheeks and fell upon her. He clutched her hands, he shook her, he caught her in his arms and pressed her to him but she lay cold and still – she was gone – she was gone!” (190) <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“Before anyone could reply […] ‘I want to get drunk.’ ” (191) <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">1. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">IDs: Madame Haupt - a grumpy, fat, old midwife of Dutch decent; greedy for money, doesn’t care about patients; Jurgis has to get her help when Ona is pregnant, since she is the only midwife in the area. Screws Jurgis over, can’t even safe his wife and/or child. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">12. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">(partly) Jurgis referred to as “Jack”: “ "Hello, Jack," said the saloonkeeper, when he entered – they call all foreigners and unskilled men "Jack" in Packingtown.” (186)
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Chapter Number 19 **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Plot summary **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Characters **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Key passages **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Questions **


 * Chap 20**

Jurgis is overcome with sorrow of his wife’s death and goes out and spends all the family’s money getting drunk but when he comes home Elzbieta talks to him and convinces him to go back to work for Antanas’s sake. Jurgis searches for work unsuccessfully because Phil Connor blacklisted him. Eventually he runs into an old friend who gets him a job in a Harvester factory. In his new job conditions and pay is better and he is very optimistic after seeing another man who is learning English at night school he is eager to do the same. Unfortunately after only two weeks he find a placard telling him his department in the factory is closed and he is out of work again.
 * Summary:**

Ona just died, and their son, Antanas becomes his inspiration. Elzbieta convinces him to continue working for the family.
 * People:**

“Elzbieta was out begging… their money on drink” (203) “Perhaps he ought to have meditated…and loathing of himself” (204-205) “He was condemned and…where they controlled” (208) “There was nothing in…him from his home” (208) “If we are the greatest… doubling itself every decade” (212) “With a hope like that…hang on to this job!” (213)
 * Quotes:**

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">The family is having a hard time with their finances because Jurgis does not have a job. He spends days wondering on the streets searching for a job. He returns home without a job. However, there is good news waiting for him: there is a job opportunity for him. Juozapas, the handicapped son of Elzbieta had found a dumpster where he could get food. One day, a lady saw him eating from the dumpster and went home with him. Elzbieta told her the families story and the woman was overcome by grief. She gives a letter to Elzbieta to give to Jurgis. The letter would get him a job at the steelworks. The woman was the superintendents fiancée so she was able to get a job for Jurgis. The steelworks is far away, but Jurgis still goes. He gets a job at the steelworks which is prone to dangerous accidents. As his work is far away from home he decides to board there because the cost of travel would be too much every week. He returns home on the weekends and spends time with Antanas. One day, he hurts his hand while trying to help some other workers who had gotten in an accident. He is summoned not to work for eight days, so he returns home. He buys the Sunday newspaper and reads it with the help of the children. Antanas has begun talking so Jurgis is overjoyed. After eight days Jurgis returns to work. One weekend, he comes to his home filled with people. He finds out that Antanas has died because he drowned on the streets. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jurgis: is having a hard time finding a job; however, he gets referenced at a steelworks company. Jurgis boards near the factory because his home is too far. He finds happiness in watching Antanas; unfortunately Antanas dies at the end of the chapter. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Juozapas: is Elzbieta’s crippled son. He is found by a rich woman when he is eating from a dumpster. He takes the woman home and Elzbieta tells the families story to her. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Rich woman: is saddened by Jurgis’s families story so she gets a job for Jurgis. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Antanas: is 1 ½ years old by now and growing up very quickly. He is catching on words fast; however, he drowns to death on the streets. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“Of what help was kindness and decency on the part of employers- when they could not keep a job for him, when there was more harvesting machines made than the world was able to buy! What was hellish mockery was it, anyway, that a man shouls slave to make harvesting machines for the country, only to be turned out to starve for going his duty too well!” (214). There is a clear transition in Jurgis’s character. He started off by embracing every difficulty and saying that he will work harder. However, at this point he is frustrated. A lot of bad things have happened to him, so he complains about the injustice around him. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“Also they knew that if they were hurt they would be flung aside and forgotten- and still they would hurry to their task by dangerous short cuts, would use methods that were quicker and more eddective in spite of the fact that they were also risky” (221). This passage shows the need for money among the workers. They were willing to risk their life to earn a couple dollars every day. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“So once more Jurgis began to make plans and dream dreams” (223). This story is full of ups and downs. I can see why Jurgis is getting frustrated because when something good is about to happen, his life takes a turn and fall into misery again. For example, he was starting to feel hope again after a long time; however, that diminishes when Antanas dies.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">CHAPTER 21 (Saachi) **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Plot Summary: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Important Characters: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Key Quotes: **

This chapter opens up with Jurgis finding out that his son has died from falling off the sidewalk and runs away from the sight of his lifeless child laying there. When he left the house he fled into the city, and seeing a train passes jumps on it. He went through a lot of emotions while on that train but he refused to cry. He felt that he had gone through so much in his life that crying wasn’t going to solve anything so he didn’t do it. He developed the willingness to fight now more than ever and didn’t want the life here to take away the only thing he had left, which was his freedom. He jumped off in the country and began to have memories of what he left back at home. He felt alive and free in the country and could experience things like having a bath. He later went in search of food and is turned down by a farmer because he thinks that he is a tramp. He later comes to a barn house where he finds food. The owner of the farm offers him a job, but he doesn’t take it because won’t be guaranteed a job year round. After this he starts his life as a tramp and lives by living off the land and doing what he wanted. He was happy and it showed because his youthful vigor came back. For this first time in a log time he finds that he is once more in control because he no longer has to work to live and can do anything he wants.
 * __Chapter 22__**
 * Plot Summary**


 * Key Passages**
 * Pg 225-he had not wept, and he would not—not a tear! It was past and over, and he was done with it—he would fling it off his shoulders, be free of it, the whole business, that night.
 * Pg 226-There should be no more tears and no more tenderness; he had had enough of them—they had sold him into slavery! Now he was going to be free, to tear off his shackles, to rise up and fight.
 * Pg 227-He might have a bath! The water was free, and he might get into it—all the way into it! It would be the first time that he had been all the way into the water since he left Lithuania
 * Pg 231-Then, too, his health came back to him, all his lost youthful vigor, his joy and power that he had mourned and forgotten! It came with a sudden rush, bewildering him, startling him; it was as if his dead childhood had come back to him, laughing and calling!

The situation with the job reminds him how he was treated in the city. He sees that he no longer wants to be treated like an animal that can easily be replaced. He turns down the job because he sees his old life in what the old man is offering.
 * Theme**


 * Chapter 23**

Upon returning from his journey, Jurgis comes back to Chicago during the fall. He soon finds a job digging underground tunnels for a railroad company that ships various freight. It is unusual how Jurgis gets his job because when the foreman asks Jurgis if he has ever worked in Chicago, Jurgis says he hasn’t and says he is from Kansas City. The main goal of the construction is to weaken and eventually break the teamster’s union. Of course, Jurgis is completely unaware of this at the time and doesn’t figure this out in the chapter. Because it is a long project, Jurgis is almost sure that he will have a job throughout the entire winter. With that confidence, Jurgis goes out and spends a lot of his money on booze. Unfortunately for him, Jurgis breaks his arm and spends two weeks in the hospital until he is forced to leave after those two weeks. He is in the hospital during Christmas and once he is out, it is the typical Chicago winter that he finds himself in. After leaving the hospital, Jurgis goes to a religious gathering where there are many other low class people there just to keep warm. Jurgis does not take kindly to the preachers because the preachers are talking about saving souls while Jurgis does not care about that at all, he is just at a place where he, and most of the other men there just want a place to stay where they will not freeze to death.
 * Summary:**

pg 236 “When he reached the city, he left the rest, for he had money and they did not, he meant to save himself in this fight.” Talking about Jurgis on the train back to Chicago, I believe the comparison to Jurgis saving himself in the fight is another way of saying Jurgis is simply fighting just to stay alive and not let things get any worse than they already have, which is hard to do. Pg 241 “So Jurgis went out into the streets in a most dreadful plight. It was bitterly cold, and a heavy snow was falling, beating into his face. He had no overcoat, and no place to go, and two dollars and sixty-five cents in his pocket, with the certainty that he could not earn another cent for months.” Although it seems like things can not get any worse for Jurgis, they keep getting worsening. Here, he has been tossed out of the hospital with only $2.65 to his name and because of his arm, he will not be able to work for a while. It is getting to the point where you wonder how Jurgis is able to keep persevering. Pg 244 “At the end of six days, every cent of Jurgis’ money was gone, and then he went out on the streets to beg for his life.” It has finally gotten to the point where all of the bad luck Jurgis has had since coming to America has put him on the streets. Now, Jurgis has nothing to do but simply try to stay alive somehow, and that is certainly not what he imagined when he came here, he did not have the dream of sitting out in the cold, struggling to simply stay alive.
 * Quotations:**

How did Jurgis get hurt on the job? What happens to him? Where does he work after that? Describe the conditions: Jurgis is hit by an engine and a loaded car on his way out from the tunnels that knocked him against the wall and he passes out. He goes to the hospital and has a broken arm. After being releases from the hospital, Jurgis spends the last of his money and goes onto the street to beg because he can’t work with his arm issue
 * Questions:**

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jurgis meets drunk guy in street, wants to beg for money; the guy invites him to his home, Jurgis doesn’t deny the offer; hopes for a warm meal or so. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">The guy, “Master Freddie”, turns out to be son of one of the packing bosses, left home alone and rebelling against his family; completely drunk, he picks up Jurgis to have a companion at home. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jurgis receives a 100 dollar bill from him to pay the cab driver, Jurgis just keeps the money. He admires the great house; the servants, however, don’t like him, keep an eye on him. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Master Freddie invites Jurgis to eat and drink, until Master Freddie falls to sleep; servants throw Jurgis out, since Master Freddie can’t intervene. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jurgis back on the streets, but with a 100 dollar bill. Can’t believe his luck. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Master Freddie - son of one of the packing bosses; left home alone while family is abroad, strolling through the streets drinking and enjoying himself; incredibly wealthy, doesn’t realize the poverty of the average people. Key passages ** <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“"I'm hungry, sir," said Jurgis. - "Hungry! Why don't you hassome supper?" - "I've got no money, sir." - "No money! Ho, ho – less be chums, ole boy – jess like me! No money, either – a'most busted! Why don't you go home, then, same's me?" - "I haven't any home," said Jurgis. ” (234) <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“The butler came in. […] sprawling in the snow at the bottom.” (243/44)
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Chapter Number 24 **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Plot summary **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Characters **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">


 * Chap 25**

After being kicked out of the mansion Jurgis contemplates what to do with his hundred-dollar bill. He realizes it will be difficult to break and decides in the end to break it in a saloon. The bartender agrees to break it if Jurgis buys something, when he does the bartender gives him change for a dollar instead of for 100 dollars. Jurgis gets mad and attacks the bartender. In his trial the judge laughs at him and he is sentenced to ten days in jail and costs. Once in jail he has a new prospective on it than he did before, and he meets his friend, Jack Duane. Jack tells him to meet him after he gets out of prison and he does. Jack works as a crook and the first night Jurgis meats him they rob and beat him, when they read about it in the newspaper Jurgis has little remorse. Jack Duane introduces him into the criminal world. Through Jack Duane Jurgis meets Harper, who works buying votes. Harper than sets him up with Mike Scully, a wealthy corrupt democrat. Jurgis proves to be a faithful worker and he is trusted in Scully’s scheme to get Doyle elected. In order to do so he works from inside as a hog trimmer. He is successful in getting Doyle elected and celebrates his success.
 * Summary:**

Jack Duane is an old friend of Jurgis’s who he reunites with in jail. He gets him into the criminal scene in Chicago. Harper takes Jurgis under his wing, because he looks like a worker making him capable of taking advantage of people easily. Mike Scully is an important wealthy man in Chicago. Scully is a democrat and controls a lot of the city. He makes a deal to get a republican brewer elected, Doyle.
 * People:**

“Jurgis stared at him…at the other’s head” (261) “Now and then he cried…to hear any of them” (263) “The last time he… it in the future” (266) “Since it was Jurgis’s…said his friend” (268-269) “The rank and file…headquarters in his saloon” (269-270) “A month ago Jurgis…of life came freely” (270) “Among the people Jurgis…to struggle for” (272) “Thousands of them came…the girl had been traced” (272-273) “So Jurgis went out…he had ever met” (278) “And so Jurgis…smiled to himself” (279) “ Nearly every one else…of the common people” (281)
 * Quotes:**

6. Mike Scully: an important person in Chicago politics, pretty much runs the city. Jurgis meets him when he is working as a criminal. Jack Duane: a friend of Jurgis turned criminal who gets Jurgis involved in the Chicago underground life. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jurgis stayed in Packingtown and kept his job as a hog trimmer. A huge strike begins because there is a clash between the union and the packers. Mike Scully insults the packers in the papers and Jurgis asks him for another job until the strike stops. However, Scully tells him to be a scab and make as much out of it as he can. Jurgis asks for a raise to $3 dollars and receives it. Due to the strike, the packers hire thugs and import scabs from all over the country, including American Americans. Jurgis is offered a position as the boss. He takes it because he will get $5 and the promise of his job staying after the strike ends. The packers are in frenzy for fresh meat because they do not want public opinion to turn against them. An agreement is reached between the union and the packers. The packers are not supposed to discriminate against union members; however they do and another strike is started. One night, Jurgis is out in town, drinking with several over people. Unfortunately, he comes face to face with Connor. Jurgis starts pounding him and it takes the police to break up the fight. Jurgis is taken to jail. He calls Harper to request for a bail. However, Harper tells him that Connor is a good friend of Scully’s and helping Jurgis would be threatening for him. Harper can do nothing, but get his bail lowered. So, Jurgis’s bail is lowered and he leaves Packingtown with a couple of dollars in his pocket. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jurgis: is offered a job as the boss at the killing beds. He takes it; however, he is put back in jail for attacking Connor again. Jurgis leaves Packingtown at the end of the chapter · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Connor: Jurgis attacks Connor because he still holds a grudge at him for harassing Ona. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Harper: is a friend of Jurgis’s. He helps Jurgis out when he has to pay a bail of $ 500, which he does not have. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Packingtown: is a mess because the union is striking against the packers. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">**Key Quotes:** · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“So Jurgis became one of the new “American heroes,” am an whose virtues merited comparison with those of the martyrs of Lexington and Valley Forge” (285). After years in America, Jurgis is finally earning well. In fact, he has enough money to spend on drinks and gambling. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“He had gotten used to being the master of men, and because of the stifling heat and the stench, and the fact that he was a “scab” and knew it and despised himself, he was drinking, and developing a villainous temper, and he stormed and cursed and raged at his men, and drive them until they were ready to drop with exhaustion” (294). It is ironic that Jurgis is treating his workers the way he used to be treated when he was a worker, instead of the boss. One would think he would treat them nicely because he had gone through their position. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“The lantern had been upset and extinguished, and it was so dark they could not see a thing. But they could heat Jurgis panting, and heat the thumping of his victim’s skill, and they rushed there and tried to pull him off” (296). Jurgis is a kind of person who cannot stay out of trouble. He life was fine and he was getting paid well; however, he had to end up in jail again. It shows that he is still full of rage because of what Connor did to Ona. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Themes: <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">A possible theme in this chapter could be the transitions in Jurgis. He went through a lot of obstacles; however, in this chapter he is getting some success. However, with that success he is changing his personality. He is becoming a boss who is unforgiving to his workers. It is ironic how he has transitioned into someone who treats people the way he used to be treated.
 * Questions:**
 * CHAPTER 26**
 * Plot Summary:**
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Important Characters: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">ID’s: **


 * Chapter 27

Plot Summary** At the beginning of this chapter the reader sees how the tramp life has left Jurgis. He was crippled and wasn’t as strong as he was when he first got here and it was apparent in the way he could no longer get a job. He even breaks down when he is fired from job because he is not strong enough. He stands there and watches himself be replaced and sees just how people got where they were. After attending a political meeting and being kicked out for falling asleep he meets women he used to know and she gives him Marjia’s address. When he comes to the address he finds himself in the middle of a raid by the police. He then realizes that he is in a brothel and Marjia is a prostitute. While talking to her she tells him how her profession is taking care of the family and how Stanavlovs did in a factory by rats that ate him. She tells him how she does it to keep the family from starvation. Jurgis is disturbed by finding out all this and lays awake thinking about how his life has change so much.
 * Key Passages**
 * pg 299-He could no longer command a job when he wanted it; he could no longer steal with impunity—he must take his chances with the common herd.
 * Pg 299- And also he labored under another handicap now. He had acquired new standards of living, which were not easily to be altered. When he had been out of work before, he had been content if he could sleep in a doorway or under a truck out of the rain, and if he could get fifteen cents a day for saloon lunches. But now he desired all sorts of other things, and suffered because he had to do without them. He must have a drink now and then, a drink for its own sake, and apart from the food that came with it.
 * Pg 300-He would walk, begging for work, until he was exhausted; he could not remain still—he would wander on, gaunt and haggard, gazing about him with restless eyes. Everywhere he went, from one end of the vast city to the other, there were hundreds of others like him; everywhere was the sight of plenty and the merciless hand of authority waving them away. There is one kind of prison where the man is behind bars, and everything that he desires is outside; and there is another kind where the things are behind the bars, and the man is outside.
 * Pg 301-And he stood by and saw another man put into his place, and then picked up his coat, and walked off, doing all that he could to keep from breaking down and crying like a baby. He was lost! He was doomed! There was no hope for him! But then, with a sudden rush, his fear gave place to rage. He fell to cursing. He would come back there after dark, and he would show that scoundrel whether he was good for anything or not!


 * Chapter 28**

At the beginning, Jurgis wanders into the prostitute house where Marija is currently residing after he explains to the judge that he was just at the house to visit his sister, he is releases and sees Marija after that. Marija gives Jurgis the insiders story of what her life and the life of all the other girls in the house is. She talks about how all the girls wind up in the house because they either are desperate to make money who the Madame of the house tricks them because some of them don’t speak English. What happens often is the Madame gets the girls into debt so that they can not leave but the longer they stay, the more debt they accumulate. The Madame also gets them hooked on drugs a lot of the time, Marija confesses to Jurgis that she has become a morphine addict and when it’s not morphine, its alcohol. Marija tells Jurgis to go back and stay with Elzbieta because she detects how poorly Jurgis is doing. Marija is called by the Madame and Jurgis leaves the house and tries to get work but is unsuccessful. On his way back to Elzbieta’s he enters a rally looking event just to keep warm and think about things. He falls asleep and someone wakes him up and eventually, Jurgis is entranced by this speaker who is clearly a socialist and is talking about workers to stand up for themselves and keep pushing through their struggles. Jurgis identifies with everything the speaker is saying and at the end of the speech, feels rejuvenated.
 * Summary:**

pg 315 “How can I be anything but sick, at this life?” This shows how desperate Marija is and how she is willing to take any job in order to simply meet ends meet. As bad as things are for her, she is still in a better situation than Jurgis it seems. Pg 323 “Through it all Jurgis sat still, motionless and rigid, his eyes fixed upon the speaker; he was trembling, smitten with wonder.” After going from being asleep to being interested in the woman next to him, Jurgis is now completely engaged in this speaker. This shows how important the subject the speaker is talking about is to Jurgis. Pg 329 “The sentences of this man were to Jurgis like the crashing of thunder in his soul.” The speaker has given Jurgis a feeling of rejuvenation because Jurgis realizes that he is not alone in his struggles, there are millions of people just like him. Jurgis now feels that he can go out and improve on his life and he has the power to do so.
 * Quotations:**

How does the socialist meeting help him to discover himself? The meeting was sort of a wake up call for Jurgis, he was so into the speech that his voice was gone because he couldn’t shout anymore. The speaker gives Jurgis confidence that he can do something and that he has the power. Jurgis realizes that there are so many others that are in a similar situation to his but yet he still is part of the economic system. Jurgis feels like he has regained his voice.
 * Questions:**

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">**Chapter Number 29** <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">**Plot summary** · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Chaoter starts, Jurgis is at Socialist meeting; listens to a great speech, is all fired up. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Doesn’t want to leave, wants to hear more about socialism from the speaker – he refers Jurgis to another man, “Comrade Ostrinski”, who speaks Lithuanian. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">They talk, Ostrinski explains the basic principle of socialism to Jurgis · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Ostrinski invites Jurgis to his house; “We try not to let a comrade starve.” (312) · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Ostrinski promises to take Jurgis to socialist meetings and to get him involved in the process; Jurgis is as happy as he had not been before in the U.S. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">**Characters** <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Ostrinski – A socialist, who speaks Lithuanian; poor guy, finishes pants as a work; devoted to the socialist movement, explains this to Jurgis. Lives with his wife and four children in a two-room-cellar. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“Then Ostrinski in turn explained his circumstances. He would have asked Jurgis to his home – but he had only two rooms, and had no bed to offer. He would have given up his own bed, but his wife was ill. Later on, when he understood that otherwise Jurgis would have to sleep in a hallway, he offered him his kitchen floor, a chance which the other was only too glad to accept. "Perhaps tomorrow we can do better," said Ostrinski. "We try not to let a comrade starve."” (312) <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“In America every one had laughed at the mere idea of Socialism then – in America all men were free. As if political liberty made wage slavery any the more tolerable! said Ostrinski.” (314) <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“The Socialists were organized […] teachings of Christ.” (315)
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Key passages **

** <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">**Plot Summary:** <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jurgis visits Elzbieta and tells her all about socialism. Jurgis is able to convince Elzbieta to attend socialist meetings. Jurgis finds a job as a porter in a hotel for $30 a month and boarding. Ostrinski tells Jurgis that his new boss, Tommy Hunds, is a organizer for the socialist party and a powerful speaker. Hinds is enthusiastic about Jurgis being a socialist. Hinds is always promoting socialism everywhere. A lot of socialists come to the hotel, so the philosophy of proprietor does not hurt Hind’s business. Hinds takes Jurgis along with him while promoting socialism and urges Jurgis to talk about the horrific experiences he has had working at a meat packing factory. Jurgis becomes very passionate about the socialist cause. He starts reading newspapers and pamphlets, from which he learns about the political and economic systems of power in America. He also starts convincing people to join socialism. He gets angry when people disagree, but he keeps at it. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">**Key Characters:** · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Ostrinski: is a friend of Jurgis’s. He teaches him about socialism. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">**ID’s:** · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Tommy Hinds: is the owner of a small hotel and an organizer for the socialist movement. He gives Jurgis a job as a porter at his hotel. Also, he uses Jurgis as an example of someone who has seen the cruelty of capitalism. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Packingtown: is evolving because a lot of the inhabitants are taking up the cause of socialism. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“It would be pleasant to record that he swore off drinking immediately, and all the rest of his bad habits with it, but that would hardly be exact. These revolutionists were not angels; they were men, and men who had come up from the social pit, and with the mire of it smeared over them…that they were men with a hope, with a cause to fight for and suffer for” (345). It is interesting that socialism is having such a positive effect on Jurgis. I was surprised that he got so involved with socialism, especially because at one time he did not care at all. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“It was so incomprehensible how a man could fail to see it! Here were all the opportunities of the country, the land, and the buildings upon the land, the railroads, the mines, the factories, and the stores: all in the hands of a few private individuals, called capitalists, for whom the people were obliged to work for wages” (346). It is ironic that Jurgis is amazed that people cannot see the good in socialism, considering that he used to be one of those people. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">What was The Appeal? What important realization did Jurgis have as a result of his contact with socialism? <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">The Appeal is a propaganda paper. It was full of ginger and spice, of Western slang and hustle. It was very versatile as it could be funny and serious. After joining the socialists Jurgis realized that workers were only the citizens of industry, and the Socialist movement was the expression of their will to survive. He began to fully believe in socialism and learned about how many people not believing in it. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">**Themes:** <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">The theme in this chapter is the idea of socialism. Sinclair makes it clear that capitalism is an evil.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">CHAPTER 30 (Saachi)
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Key Quotes: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Questions: **

Summary: Jurgis stumbles into a socialist meeting and is immediately impressed. He has finally found a party that is focused on improving life for people like himself not rich people. he finds Elzbieta and tells her of his new job and she is thrilled to hear it, but weary of the socialists but they come to an agreement. He than discovered that his new boss is a socialist. Actually a very active socialist he travels across the country promoting his philosophy and his hotel is full of socialists. Ostrinki is the man that gets Jurgis involved in socialism Elzbieta agrees to come to some socialist meetings after Jurgis finds her. Tommy Hinds runs the hotel Jurgis works in and is a socialist leader. “Her soul had been… dinner amid the storm” (339) “And so Jurgis fell to… ‘Not Hinds’s!’” (340) “with ‘graft’ in the shape…his own old age” (341) “He had gone into…had been fighting” (341) “Hinds’s hotel was a…they went away” (342)
 * Chap 30**
 * Characters:**
 * Quotes:**

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jurgis visits Marija and talks to her about leaving prostitution. But, she refuses because she is addicted to drugs and has nothing to do other than prostitution. Jurgis goes to a meeting with a magazine editor who opposes socialism, but have agreed to listen to some proponenents on the movement. Jurgis’s role is to provide evidence about the unsanitary conditions of the meat packing factory. Nicholas Schliemann, explains that the movement’s goal is to give public ownership to the public by production. He thinks that science will help eliminate long labor hours. Also, the way to increase the popularity of socialism is by raising awareness about it. Later in the book, the socialist party does very well in the elections. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Jurgis: attends a socialist meeting. H keenly listens to the discussion going on, but hardly participates · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Fisher: is a Chicago millionaire wh o had given up his life to settlement work. He had invited Jurgis to the meeting · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Mr. Lucas: was a socialist present at the meeting. He traveled all over the country a preached socialism · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Adams: was also a socialist and he accompanied Jurgis to the meeting · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Nicholas Schliemann: is a part of socialism. He gives an explanation about socialism to a newspaper editor. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“Poor Jurgis was not very happy in his home life. Elzbieta was sick a good deal now, and the boys were wild and unruly, and very much the worse for their life upon streets” (353). It is interesting how Jurgis’s view about home changed over time. In the beginning, he used to love going to home because of his family. However, now his son and wife is dead and as a result he does not like his home life. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">“and Chicago will be ours! Chicago will be ours! CHICAGO WILL BE OURS!” (170). This chapter puts together the point the socialism. This passage shows the drive of the socialist leaders. Also, it is a good way to end the book with the recurring theme of capitalism versus socialism. · <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Why did Schliemann consider himself a “philosopher anarchist”? <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">An anarchist was one who believed that the end of human existence was the free development of every personality, unrestricted by laws save those of its being. His ideas were very philosophical, so he labeled himself as a philosophical anarchist.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">CHAPTER 31 **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Plot Summary: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Important Characters: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">ID’s: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Key Quotes: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'">Questions: **