Group+3


 * __ Chapter 1- Danny Nolan  __**
 * Brief description of the plot: **
 * Jurgis and Ona, two Lithuanians, are getting married in Chicago and there is a big wedding festival where they live, in Packingtown. At the wedding, people are expected to drop money in a hat for the bride and groom in order to pay for the wedding, but many people take advantage of this by showing up and eating and drinking for free and not dropping any money in the hat at all. The bartenders are also corrupt, as they overcharge for the cheapest alcohol and say that the guests drank more than they really did. Ona becomes nervous when she sees many of the guests leaving without donating money and Jurgis proclaims he will work harder to make more money. In the back of every partygoers mind is the fact that they all must get up early for work. If they are a minute late, they lose an hours wages and getting fired is the last thing you want to happen. **
 * Characters in the Chapter: **
 * Jurgis- Just moved to Chicago with Ona from Lithuania and is getting married to Ona in this chapter. He is a strong Lithuanian man who is going to work in Packingtown and vows to his wife he will make a good living. **
 * Ona- A young Lithuanian woman who is getting married to Jurgis. At the wedding, she becomes worried because no one is paying, but Jurgis calms her down. **
 * Marija- Ona’s cousin who is the chief organizer of the wedding. It was her job to make sure the wedding was as traditional as possible. **
 * Teta Elzbieta- Ona’s godmother who is responsible for holding the hat that collects the money at Jurgis’ and Ona’s wedding. **
 * Notable passages (including page numbers): **
 * “For he is an inspired man. Every inch of him is inspired- you might almost say inspired separately. He stamps with his feet, he tosses his head, he sways and swings to and fro; he has a wizened-up little face; irresistibly comical; and, when he executes a turn or a flourish, his brows knit and his lips work and his eyelids wink- the very ends of his necktie bristle out. And every now and then he turns upon his companions, nodding, signaling, beckoning frantically- with every inch of him appealing, imploring, in behalf of the muses and their call.” (4) **
 * “Most fearful they are to contemplate, the expenses of this entertainment. They will certainly be over two hundred dollars, and may be three hundred; and three hundred dollars is more than the year’s income of many a person in this room. There are able-bodied men here who work from early morning until late at night, in ice-cold cellars with a quarter of an inch of water on the floor- men who for six or seven months in the year never see the sunlight from Sunday afternoon till the next Sunday morning- and who cannot earn three hundred dollars in a year.” (10) **
 * “If one of them be a minute late he will be docked half a day’s pay, and if he be many minutes late he will be apt to find his brass check turned to the wall, which will send him out to join the hungry mob that waits every morning at the gates of the packing houses, from six o’clock until nearly half past eight. There is no exception to this rule, not even little Ona- who has asked for a holiday the day after her wedding day, a holiday without pay, and been refused. While there are so many who are anxious to work as you wish, there is no occasion for incommoding yourself with those who must work otherwise.” (16) **

__ Chapter 2- Danny Nolan __ Brief description of the plot: Jurgis, a very strong man, has come to Chicago from Lithuania, but the narrator traces his background before he came to Chicago in this chapter. He never wanted to marry before he saw Ona, and when he saw her he knew he wanted to be her husband. He asked her father to marry her, but he refused. He went back home and tried to forget about her, but when he realized he couldn’t he made the trek back to her. Finding that her father had died and he took Ona. They begin to talk about moving to America, where wages would be higher and eventually make it to New York City after Jurgis works to save money for the voyage. Jurgis and his extended family make it to America, but there money is depleted rapidly by con artists in the cities. By chance, they end up seeing Jokubas Szedvilas, the man Jonas said made a fortune in America. He shows them his home, which is an overcrowded boarding house with miserable living conditions. Jurgis and Ona walk through downtown Chicago, and see that it is an absolute horror. The streets reek of pollution of animal waste and flesh and it is hard to breathe. The children play in garbage and green water in the streets and the chapter ends with Jurgis looking at Packingtown and saying he will go there and get a job.

Characters in the Chapter: Jurgis- Strong Lithuanian man who marries Ona and moves to Chicago for a better living opportunity. He is planning on getting a job in Packingtown in order to make better money than he made in Lithuania. Ona- Wife of Jurgis who moves to Chicago with him. Jonas- Tells Jurgis of a man he knew who made a fortune in America and thus convinces him to move there. Jokubas Szedvilas- The man Jonas was talking about who made a fortune in America, but when they see him; they see that he actually lives in extreme poverty. Teta Elzbieta- Brother of Jonas who Ona does not want to leave behind in Lithuania. Jonas- Ona’s cousin who stood up to her abusive husband and is coming to America with the group because she thinks America will appreciate her strength.

Notable passages (including page number): “Yet, when they saw the home of the Widow Juknos they could not but recoil, even so. In all their journey they had seen nothing so bad as this. (22) “Later that afternoon he and Ona went out to take a walk and look about them to see more of this district which was to be their home. in back of the yards the dreary two-stroy frame houses were sperad out farther than in most of Chicago they had seen; there were great spaces bare- that seemingly had been overlooked by the great sore of a city as it spead itself over the surface of the prairie. These bare places were grown up with dingy, yellow weeds, chasing one another here and there, screaming and fighting. THe most uncanny thing about this neighborhood was the number of the children; you thought there must be a school just out, and it was obly after long acquaintance that you were able to realize that there was no school, but that these were children of the neighborhood- that there were so many children to the block in Packingtown that nowhere on its sreets could a horse and buggy move faster than a walk! (23) “To the two who stood watching while the darkness swallowed it up it seemed a land of wonder, with its tale of human energy, of things being done, of emplyoment for thousands upon thousands of men, of opportunity and freedom, of life, and love and joy. When they came away, arm in arm, Jurgis was saying, "Tomorrow I shall go there and get a job!'" (25)  ·  Jurgis first refuses Jokubas’ help in finding a job (Jokubas says that he can help find Jugis a job because he knows one of the special policemen at Durham’s who picks out men for employment.)  ·  Jurgis finds a job on his own, because he is confident in his ability to find his own work, at Brown’s meatpacking company.  ·  Brown’s and Durham’s are big rivals  ·  Jurgis takes a tour of Durham’s and he realizes the unsanitary conditions of the meat packing process  ·  Jurgis shows sympathy for the animals and he is confused as to the reason there is no god of hogs- the hogs are not appreciated by anyone  ·  Jurgis wonders what will happen to the hogs once they die  ·  Jurgis notices the distinct slaughtering process- especially the government inspector who checks the carcasses for Tuberculosis, but lets many of them go unchecked.  ·  At the end of the tour is the process of converting animals into meat products in order to get them ready to be shipped out to areas all over the country. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Jurgis thinks that the meatpacking business seems very important and is excited to start work. Jurgis- Lithuanian immigrant; strong and determined; Finds a job at Brown’s meatpacking company; he sees the unsanitary business of meatpacking; He is proud of finding a job on his own and is excited to work; he is sympathetic to the hogs because of their bad conditions and the way they are killed. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Jokubas Szedvila- knows Jurgis and offers him assistance in finding a job; He gives the tour of Durham's meatpacking company; he is a sort of sarcastic character. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> p. 33- “They don’t waste anything here… They use everything about the hog except the squeal.” <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 115%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">p. 34- “They had chains which they fastened about the leg of the nearest hog, and the other end of the chain they hooked into one of the rings upon the wheel. So, as the wheel turned, a hog was suddenly jerked off his feet."
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Chapter 3- Alex Kaplan **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Summary: **<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Characters: **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">
 * <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Notable Passages: **

p. 35- "It was all so buisnesslike that one watched it fascinated... And yet the most matter-of-fact person could not help thinking of the hogs; they were so innocent, they came so very trustingly; and they were so very human in their protests-and so perfectly within their rights! They had done nothing to deserve it; it was adding insult to injury, as the impersonal way, without pretense of apology without any homage of a tear. Now and then a visitor wept, to be sure; but this slaughtering machine ran on, visitors or no visitors. It was all like some horrible crime committed in a dungeon, all unseen and unheeded, buried out of sight and of memory."

p. 40- "It employed thirty thousand men it supported directly two hundred and fifty thousand people in its neighborhood, and indirectly it supported half a million."

The chapter starts off with the description of Jurgis’s job, which is to sweep intestines at a butchering house. Moreover, Jurgis remains happy as he is proud of his new wage, which seems to be just over two dollars. He also has Jonas looking for a job for him and Marija painting labels on cans for cash. Teta, Ona’s stepmother, along with Ona don’t work because Jurgis doesn’t want them too. Jurgis’s father, Dede, can’t find a job because of his age and he starts to feel insecure within his family and believe that his presence is hurting the family financially. Jurgis and the family find ads for houses in the newspaper. They find one in the ad they like and they decide that financially they are able to buy it. Though, when they go to see it, it doesn’t look as nice as the photo and it clearly seems that it isn’t the same house. However, they decide to go through with the deal and buy it. Though when they go to sign the papers, Jokubus, notices that it says something about a rental. They get a lawyer to help them out, except it seems as though the lawyer is actually the real estate agents friend so he lies and tells them they are alright. So, they sign the papers. When Jurgis returns he is very mad and goes to see a lawyer. He tells them that the rental part is there so that if they don’t make their payments, it’s easier to kick them out. **__ New Characters __** ** “American Dream”: ** The old American dream of coming to America and building a name for yourself is present not just in this chapter, but the whole book. However, I found it especially prevalent during the part when their family wanted to buy a house. Pg. 46… “So they would have eighty-five dollars a month-or, supposing that Ded Antanas did not get work at once, seventy dollars a month-which ought surely to be sufficient for the support of a family of twelve.” Pg. 50… “They felt that all was lost; they sat like prisoners summoned to hear the reading of their death warrant. There was nothing more they could do- they were trapped.”
 * __ Chapter 4-Robert Rakocy __**
 * __ Summary __**
 * Jokubus: ** Owns the delicatessen. He helps out Jurgis’s family when they first arrive to America. We find out that he is in some financial trouble and isn’t as well off as Jurgis thought he was. He also helps them look for houses.
 * Dede Antanas: ** He is Jurgis’s father. He can’t seem to find a job in America because of his age.
 * __ Themes __**
 * Capitalism ** : We see this theme present through the part of the chapter when the family is looking to buy a house.
 * __ Key Passages __**

Chapter 5 Xochitl Plot: This chapter begins to show some of the corruption of America that Jurgis and his family are encountering. First with the ordering of their furniture and necessities with missing pieces and then later in their work life. Jurgis is introduced to Unions and is forced to join one by fed up Irish men who cannot seem to explain the idea of a union to him. Jurgis cannot seem to understand why most men do not enjoy their work like he does. Antanas is disgusted by what he sees with his mop slopping the “pickle”. In the room where the men prepared the beef for canning, and the beef had lain in vats full of chemicals, and men with great forks speared it out and dumped it into trucks, to be taken to the cooking room. When they speared out all they could reach, they emptied the vat on the floor, and then with shovels scraped up the balance and dumped it into the truck. There was a trap in the pipe where all the scraps of meat and odds and ends of refuse were caught and every few days it was Antanas task to clean these out and shovel their contents into one of the trucks with the rest of the meat. Marija learns that she received her job due to the firing of a woman who had been there for 15 years. Mary Dennis was fired due to a terrible cough and illness which the owner did not care for. Jonas had gotten his job due to the misfortune of some other person. The predecessor of Jonas had been jammed against the wall by the heavy iron trucks. Characters: Teta Elzbieta: Ona’s stepmother, she woke everyone up in time for breakfast. Jurgis: In this chapter Jurgis is seeing the intensity of hard work in America. Antanas: He has been a worker ever since he was a child; he had run away from home when he was twelve, because his father beat him for trying to learn to read. He was a faithful man. Now he was warn out and sick. He was once the “meekest” man, but once he began working in a “pickle room” it only took him two days to become bitter as anyone else who worked there. Tamoszius Kusleika: A friend of Jurgis, who listened to what he had to say. Tamoszius explained to Jurgis about the corruptions of the working life in the packingtowns. He was a grumbler. He would party all night, come home in the morning and of course not want to work. Marija: Obtained a job painting fourteen pound cans. Pg 55 “Anywhere else in Chicago he would have stood a good chance of being arrested; but the policemen in Packingtown were apparently used to these informal movings.” Theme: The reality of a working Immigrant. The family learns what it is to work in America. Jurgis learns of the hatefulness to have to work in a crummy job. And Marija and Jonas learn that they only gained their jobs from others who lost it. They learn that one can lose their job at any moment, for any reason, they just have to stick it out. Passages: Pg. 56 “This was the first time in his life that he had ever really worked, it seemed to Jurgis; it was the first time that he had ever had anything to do which took all he had in him.” Pg 57 “He was quite dismayed when he first began to find out-that most of the men //hated// their work” Pg 59 “The bosses grafted off the men and they grafted off each other.” Pg 59 “So from top to bottom the place was simply a seething caldron of jealousies and hatreds” Pg. 59 “nobody rose in Packingtowns by doing good work.”

Jurgis and Ona are very excited and eager to get married. However, they have to wait to do so because they do not have enough money to get married in a traditional ceremony. Jurgis and Ona meet another Lithuanian family who lives nearby, the Majauszkises. Grandmother Majauszkiene recites to the family a “string of horrors that fairly froze their blood” (68). She tells them that their house is not new, but fifteen years old, and made of cheap materials. She alleges that the builders of the house are swindlers, and that she and her son were able to outsmart them because her son belonged to the same political organization as the contractor. The owners of the houses are scammed because, if they miss one monthly payment, they are evicted, giving the builders an opportunity to profit from yet another family’s misfortune. She also tells them the house they live in is cursed (at least one person from each family that lives their always dies of consumption), and that they actually have to pay interest, meaning Jurgis and Ona’s monthly payment is around nineteen dollars. This shocks them, and Ona and Stanislovas set out to find the jobs, the latter saying that he is two years older than he actually is in order to get a job working a lard-canning machine. After paying the forelady, Ona secures a job wrapping hams in a cellar.
 * Chapter 6-** Emmy Paull

Characters: Grandmother Majauszkiene: Jurgis and Ona’s neighbor, she is also Lithuanian and has lived in Packingtown for a long time. Ona-Gets a job covering hams after paying the forelady. Stanislovas-Gets a job canning lard after falsifying his age. Teta Elzbieta-Refuses to allow Jurgis and Ona to marry without a traditional wedding feast.

Notable Passages: Page 67: “They must not give up what was right for a little money—if they did, the money would never do them any good, they could depend upon that.” Page 73: “It was sickening, like a nightmare…All the fair structure of their hopes came crashing about their ears.”

Question 8: All the people who live in Jurgis and Ona's neighborhood are getting jipped by the builders of the houses. It is all but impossible for the residents to actually "own" their houses, as there are so many loopholes and cruel tricks in the business the builders run, and so many hidden fees to pay. The builders get richer at the poor tenants' expense, and this is the nature of capitalism as portrayed by Sinclair.

__Chapter 7- Danny Nolan__ Brief description of the plot: Ona and Jurgis are now over a hundred dollars in debt due to there veselija and his family and co-workers succumb to illness frequently. His family becomes sick often because of the unsanitary conditions of their home and Chicago itself, but if you take a day off work to recover you could be fired, so they do not risk it. As winter comes the Jurgis’ family and co-workers become more and more sick and the companies do not have proper heating for the workplace. Many people begin to die in Packingtown due to the cold weather and disease. As the sick and weak die, thousands of hopeful workers hope to take their jobs, so the companies do not seem to have any problems. Not only do many people become sick to disease, many workers become alcoholics in order to cope with the miserable living conditions in Packingtown, but Jurgis does not partake in such activities.

Characters in the Chapter: Jurgis- Worker in Packingtown who is now in debt and is faced with disease and poverty day after day in his town. Ona- Jurgis’ wife who has to deal with all the poverty and sickness in Packingtown.

Notable passages (including page number): "It was very hard for Marija to believe that in all this vast city there was nothing for her brawny arms to do." (76)

"All this was about as near to hell as a man would care to get; and yet it was not the worst by any means. For after all the hard work they did, the chances were that they would not get any pay for a good part of it! Jurgis had once been among those who scoffed at the idea of these huge concerns cheating; and so now he could appreciate the full bitterness of the fact that it was preciself their size which enabled them to cheat with impunity. Jurgis saw now that they cheated; that they cheated constantly and systematcially that they chated anywhere and anyhow- the tneth part of the head of a pin was not too small a thing to serve for a motive." (78)

"They were slaughtering men there, just as certainly as they were slaughtering cattle; they were grinding the bodies and souls of them, and turning them into dollars and cents. Jurgis talked with some who worked int he sausage-rooms, and who told him hopw now and then some one would lose a finger in the dangerous cutting-machinesl and how when that happened they would stop the machine, but only for minute or so; if they could not find the finger they would let it go and call it sausage. And that was grindin up men, as anyone will admit; yet it was not one bit more actually grinding them than the system of "speeding-up.'" (82)

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Marija begins to fall in love with Tamoszius after he begins to approach and get to know her. He brings some happiness into her life and the rest of her family’s life. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Marija is invited to many of the events Tamoszius plays violin/fiddle at, which is a new experience for her and her family. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Marija’s stories help her family get through the horrible and miserable conditions. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Tamoszius proposes to Marija… she accepts. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Marija works in a canning factory, which shuts down and she loses her job. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">She works extremely hard to find a new job. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Many factories begin to shut down during the winter and people are losing their jobs constantly. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Jurgis begins to receive less money at his job- the hours men work are not equivalent to the pay they recieve. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Jurgis becomes fed up with the conditions and begins to find members to join the Union. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Tamoszius- a violin player and musician; petite and frail; begins to court Marija; his music and presence seems to bring happiness into Marija and her family’s life; he proposes to Marija. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Marija- Ona’s cousin; large and strong woman; full of energy; at first she tries to fight back against bosses; falls in love with Tamoszius and accepts his proposal for marriage; she loses her job because the canning factory at which she works shuts down. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Jurgis- experiences changes in his job and is unhappy with them; he decides to re-think joining a union and realizes that it is what he wants at the end of the chapter. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">p. 84- “Then there were other benefits accruing to Marija from this friendship- benefits of a more substantial nature. People paid Tamoszious big money to come and make music on state occasions; and also they would invite him to parties and festivals, knowing well that he was too good-natured to come without his fiddle, and that having brought it, he could be made to play while others danced.” <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">p. 84 “The family was too poor and too hardworked to make many acquaintances; in Packingtown, as a rule, people know only their near neighbors and shopmates, and so the place is like a myriad of little country villages.” <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">p. 87 “All this was bad; and yet it was not the worst. For after all the hard work a man did, he was paid for only part of it. Jurgis had once been among those who scoffed at the idea of these huge concerns cheating; and so now he could appreciate the bitter irony of the fact that it was precisely their size which enabled them to do it with impunity. One of the rules on the killing beds was that a man who was one minute late was docked an hour; and this was economical, for he was made to work the balance of the hour- he was not allowed to stand round and wait.” <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">p. 88 “One of the consequences of all these things was that Jurgis was no longer perplexed when he heard men talk of fighting for their rights. He felt like fighting now himself; and when the Irish delegate of the butcher-helpers’ union came to him a second time, he received him in a far different spirit. A wonderful idea it now seemed to Jurgis, this of the men- that by combining they might be able to make a stand and conquer the packers!” <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">p. 90 “Since the time of his disillusionment, Jurgis had sworn to trust no man, except in his own family; but here he discovered that he had brothers in affliction, and allies. Their one chance for life was in union, and so the struggle become a kind of crusade. Jurgis had always been a member of the church, because it was the right thing to be, but the church had never touched him, he left all that for the women. Here, however, was a new religion- one that did touch him, that took hold of every fiber of him; and with all the zeal and fury of a convert he went out as a missionary.” Chapter 9-Robert Rakocy __Summary__ This chapter starts off with Jurgis desperately wanting to learn English after he discovers the union. He starts to really get into the Union and attend meetings very often. A man who worked with Jurgis also gets him to become a citizen. Jurgis went along playfully, not really understanding what the whole ordeal meant. Finally, a union member explained to him how America worked and how voting worked. We are then introduced to Mike Scully, who is a short Irishman who is the Democratic Boss. We are quick to see that he owns just about everything and basically everyone. We then go on to learn about all the corruption in the system and how that coincides with the labor force. Jurgis also learns about the meat companies, and their naturally dishonest nature. He learns how the meat that is packaged isn’t always the meat that it says it is, but instead is a collection of intestines and leftover pieces all put together. __New Characters__ Mike Scully: He is a rich Irish democratic politician who owns a lot around the stockyard including the festering dump and all the housing, including the place where Jurgis and his family reside. He is extremely corrupt and clearly seems to only care about money. __Themes__ Corruption: Corruption was a main theme in this chapter mainly because we saw a lot of Mike Scully, which led to a description of how things worked back then. I also found corruption to be a main theme in this chapter because this chapter made me realize that everyone is just trying to make a buck. No one really cares about Jurgis or his family. People in the lower class at that time, only cared about themselves. __Key Passages__ Pg. 91… “And when Jurgis had first come to America he had supposed that it was the same. He had heard people say that it was a free country-but what did that mean? He found that here, precisely as in Russia, there were rich men who owned everything; and if one could not find any work, was not the hunger he began to feel the same sort of hunger?” Pg. 96-97… “‘De-vyled’ ham was made out of the waste ends of smoked beef that were too small to be sliced by the machines; and also tripe, dyed with chemicals so that it would not show white; and trimmings of hams and corned beef; and potatoes, skins and all; and finally the hard cartilaginous gullets of beef, after the tongues had been cut out. All this ingenious mixture was ground up and flavored with spices to make it taste like something.” Chapter 10- Xochitl Carmona Plot: Jurgis and his family are bombarded with even more payments from the agent who sold them the house. It then turns to spring, a time when the stench of the Packingtown invades the city. Marija gets her job back, but loses it once again for causing a disturbance about not being payed her full wages. This adds on to the family’s money troubles. Ona is being mistreated at work by her Forelady and co-workers for being a dencent girl. She later gives birth to a baby boy. She immediately returns to work. With the birth of his son, Jurgis feels like more of a family man, but fears the struggles his son will have to endure as well. However, much Jurgis loves to see his son, he cannot due to his long hours of work. Characters: Miss Henderson- The forelady in Ona’s factory. She is very cruel to Ona and she and the other women try to make Ona’s life miserable. Jurgis: He was tired of having to pay taxes and fines, so he finally asked the agent for all the final payments for the house. Themes: Unions begin to appear in this book, where immigrants begin to band together, but are not successful do to spies, who inform the owners of the goings on as well as key leaders of unions. Job loss and putting up with such terrible pay as well as terrible treatment plays a major role. Marija learns the hard way to hold her tongue due to her job loss. Ona learns from Marija’s experience that she will just have to take however the women and Miss Henderson treat her. Passages: Pg 100 “for the plumber charged them seventy-five cents an hour and seventy-five cents for another man who had stood and watched him, and included all the time the two had been going and coming, and also a charge for all sorts of materials and extras.” Pg 101 “All day long the rivers of hot blood poured forth, until, with the sun beating down, ad the air motionless, the stench was enough to knock a man over.” Pg. 102 “The great packing machine ground on remorselessly, without thinking of green fields; and the men and women and children who were part of it never saw any green thing, not even a flower.” Pg. 102 “at any rate, the people who worked with their hands were a class apart, and were made to feel it.” Pg. 104 All the family learned it along with her- that when you have once got a job in Packingtown, you hang on to it, come what will. Pg.104 “She understood now that the real reason that Miss Henderson hated her was that she was a decent married girl; and that she knew that the talebearers and the toadies hated her for the same reason, and were doing their best to make her life miserable.”
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Chapter 8- Alex Kaplan **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Summary **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">:
 * Characters**:
 * Notable Passages**:

As a result of the advent of new machine technology, the workers in the meatpacking factories are working faster and faster. However, instead of being rewarded for their increased productivity, their pay is repeatedly cut. Marija, believing that she herself will not fall victim to any wage cuts, opens a bank account. She lives in constant fear that something will happen to the bank, being most afraid of the possibility of fire. Jurgis makes fun of her for this. One day, Marija believes that her fears have been realized when she sees a big crowd outside of the bank. She withdraws her money, and sews it into her clothes. However, the bank was fine, the trouble was at the saloon next door. Also, Jurgis sprains his ankle, and the family becomes worried that they will starve since he is confined to bed.
 * Chapter 11**-Emmy Paull:

Characters: Marija- Opens a bank account, but lives in constant fear of something happening to her money. Jurgis: Sprains his ankle in a devastating injury.

Quotes: Pp 116-117: “Jurgis and Ona heard these stories with dismay…something he did not understand or care about.” Page 124: “It would have been better if Jurgis…from side to side.”

__Chapter 12- Danny Nolan__ Brief description of the plot: Jurgis sprains his ankle working in an earlier chapter and cannot return to work for three months and this causes major frustration to him. He often takes his anger out on his family, but his new baby son is usually the best thing that makes him happy. Stanislovas gets frostbite in his hands and some of his fingers are permanently damaged. Sometimes he refuses to go to work in the morning and Jurgis is forced to beat him out of bed to go. One day Jonas disapears, so in order to compensate, the family forces the ten and eleven year old sons, Nikalojus and Vilimas, to be newspaper boys. Initially, they are not very good at their job, but they eventually learn how to do it well.

Characters in the Chapter: Jurgis- Due to a sprained ankle, he is forced to stay home from work for three months and begins to take his anger out of his family. Jonas- Goes missing and does not return. Ona- Continues to monitor the family and is almost killed in a snowstorm while walking to the yards with Stanislovas. Stanislovas- Gets frostbite and begins to not want to work, but is always forced by Jorgis to go. Nikalojus- Ten year-old who is forced to work as a newspaper boy in order to compensate for Jonas gone missing. Vilims- Eleven year-old who is forced to work as a newspaper boy in order to compensate for Jonas gone missing.

Notable passages (including page number): "After a week of mishaps such as these, the two little fellows began to learn the ways of the jungle- the names of the different papers that are sold there, and how many of each to get and where to get them, and what sort of people to offer them to, and where to go and where to stay away from." (112)

"But there was no work for him. He sought out all the members of his union- Jurgis had stuck to the union through all this- and begged them to speak a word for him. He went to every one he knew, asking for a chance, there or anywhere. He wandered all day through the buildings, asking everyone; and in a week of two, when he had been all over the yards, and into every room to which he had access, and learned that there was not a job anywhere- he persuaded himself that there might have been a change in the places he had first visited, and began the round all over, till finally the watchmen and the "spotters" of the companies came to know him by sight, and to order him out with threats. Then there was nothing more for him to do but go with the crowd in the morning, and keep in the front row and look eager, and when he failed, go back home, and play with little Jotrina and the baby." (114)

"What happened to a man after any of these things all depended upon the circumstances. If a man were of the highly-skilled workers, he would probably have enough saved up to tide him over. The best-paid men, the "splitters," made fifty cents an hour, which would be five or six dollars a day in the rush seasons, and one or two in the dullest. A man could live and save on that; but then there were only half a dozen splitters in each place, and one of them that Jurgis knew had a family of twenty-two children, all hoping to grow up to be splitters, like their father." (115)

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Kristoforas- Teta Elzbeita’s youngest child; crippled with a dislocation of his hip, making it impossible for him to ever walk; sick and undersized; whines a lot- causes the family trouble; he dies after eating meat that was not good; the family isn’t terribly upset about his death other than Teta Elbieta. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Jurgis- refuses to help pay for the funeral of Kristoforas; he is still in search of a job- takes a job with at fertilizer mill. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Teta Elzbieta- her son dies and she is very upset about it; she takes a job in a sausage factory where she faces extremely bad conditions and work that wears her out and makes her sick. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Kortina- Teta’s daughter; 13 years old; she has to take care of Antanas and Juozapas. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Vilimas and Nikalojus- younger boys in the family who are growing up and getting themselves into trouble; they begin swearing and smoking and gambling; the family decides to send them back to school in order to whip them into shape. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Juozapas- Teta’s son; crippled; Kortina must take care of him. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">p. 126 “And now he died. Perhaps it was the smoked sausage he had eaten that morning- which may have been made out of some of the tubercular pork that was condemned as unfit for export. At any rate, an hour after eating it, the child had begun to cry with pain, and in another hour he was rolling about on the floor in convulsions.” <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">p. 126 “In the end Marija said that she would help with ten dollars; and Jurgis being still obdurate, Elzbieta went in tears and begged the money from the neighbors, and so little Kristoforas had a mass and a hearse with white plumes on it, and a tiny plot in the graveyard with a wooden cross to mark the place.” <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">p. 129 “At the end of the day of horror, he could scarcely stand. He had to catch himself now and then, and lean against a building and get his bearings. Most of the men, when they came out, made straight for a saloon- they seemed to place fertilizer and rattlesnake poison in one class. But Jurgis was too ill to think of drinking- he could only make his way to the street and stagger on to a car.” <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">p. 131 “Little Kotrina was like most children of the poor, prematurely made old; she had to take care of her little brother, who was a cripple, and also of the baby; she had to cook the meals and wash the dishes and clean house, and have supper ready when the workers came home in the evening. She was only thirteen, and small for her age, but she did all this without a murmur; and her mother went out, and after trudging a couple of days about the yards, settled down as a servant of a ‘sausage machine.’” <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">p. 133 “The woman did not go on; she stayed right there- hour after hour, day after day, year after year, twisting sausage links and racing with death. It was piecework, and she was apt to have a family to keep alive; and stern and ruthless economic laws had arranged it that she could only do this by working just as she did, with all her soul upon her work, and with never an instant for a glance at the well-dressed ladies and gentlemen who came to stare at her, as at some wild beast in a menagerie.” After a lot of experience, and the death of Kristoforas, Jurgis and his family have figured out the harsh realities of the city and the meat-packing industry. They realize that the industry only cares about making money and as long as they make a buck, they have no problem selling people diseased or old meat. After continuous days of their miserable lifestyle, Jurgis seems to not really care anymore, and he becomes much more dreary and sad. He also starts to drink. One of Teta Eliziabeths children, Antanas starts to come down with a severe illness. He is malnourished and his family can’t provide for him like they should be, highlighting the fact that families were extremely poor. On the other hand, Ona becomes pregnant again; however she starts to come down with some sort of whooping cough. At this point we clearly see each family member starting to have issues of their own and their overall lifestyle looks gloomier than ever. ** New Characters ** We didn’t meet any new characters during this chapter. It mainly revolved around Jurgis, Ona and their harsh lifestyle. ** Themes ** ** Corruption: ** I thought this chapter addressed the theme of corruption simply because it was mainly based around it. Through this chapter, we are able to see the harsh realities of the lifestyle and time period that they live in. ** Key Passages ** Pg. 134… “There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted billions of consumption germs. There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it.”
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Chapter 13- Alex Kaplan **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Summary: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Jurgis continues to look for work- he is unsuccessful.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Kristoforas (Teta Elzbeita’s child) dies after eating meat that was not good.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Kristoforas was a cripple, so the family was relieved because he had many problems and not very sorry about his death.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Teta Elzbieta feels a lot of grief.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Jurgis refuses to help with the funeral, but Marija gives money to Teta Elzbieta to pay for a funeral.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Jurgis finally gets a job at the fertilizer plant. He debates whether or not to take the job for a long while because it is one of the least desirable jobs around- nonetheless, it is a job, so he takes it.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">A summer of prosperity for the family passes.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Vilimas and Nikalojus have grown up and started to do bad things- they swear and smoke and gamble with their pennies.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">The family decides to send them back to school.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Teta Elzbieta takes a job in a sausage factory.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Kortina (Teta’s daughter) has to take care of Antanas and Juozapas
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Teta Elzbieta’s new work is extremely hard- bad conditions that wear her out and make her sick. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Characters: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Notable Passages: **
 * Chapter 14-Robert Rakocy **
 * Summary **

Chapter 15-Xochitl Carmona Plot: The first night when Ona does not return home, the whole family is frightened and Jurgis goes out looking for her. He eventually finds her the morning of work, as she looks scared. Ona claims that there was too much snow and she was tired so she pent the night at Jadyga’s house. The next night Ona goes missing there is no snow. After waiting, Jurgis follows Ona back to their house and waits until he enters. When he finally asks her the tells her that he knows she has not been with Jadyga she is afraid to tell the truth. She trembles and pleads for him to forget about it, but he only demands even stronger. She finally tells him that Connor has been harassing her and wanted her to be his mistress. Jurgis leaves the house and goes to the factory where Ona works in search for Connor. When he finally finds him, he beats him. The other men try to remove Jurgis, when Jurgis sinks his teeth into Connnor’s check and ends up with blood and pieces of skin in his mouth. Jurgis is then sent to jail. Characters: Connor: The Boss of the factory where Ona works who harasses her. He wants Ona for himself and informs her that if she does not obey him he will ruin her whole families life. Theme: Harassment is a form of corruption that appears in the book. Ona is forced to make love to Connor or otherwise he will ruin her family. Connor uses his power to take advantage of Ona. Passages: Pg. 141 “If they should fail, they would certainly be lost; if they held out, they might have enough coal for winter.” Pg. 150 “He told me- he would have me turned off. He told me he would-we would all of us lose our places. We could never get anything to do-here-again. He-meant it-he would have ruined us. Pg. 151 “And now you will kill him-you will kill him-and we shall die.” Pg. 152 “To Jurgis this man’s whole presence reeked of the crime he had committed.” Pg. 152 “In a flash he had bent down and sunk his teeth into the mans’ cheek; and when they tore him away he was dripping with blood, and little ribbons of skin were hanging in his mouth.” Questions: How does Jurgis end up in jail? He attacks Connor for having harassed and raped Ona.

Jurgis is arrested as a result of his assault on Connor, and is forced to go through an embarrassing strip-down and then walk, completely naked, past the other inmates, who leer at him and call out rude comments. While he sits in his squalid cell, he hears bells ringing and realizes that it is Christmas Eve. Thinking of his wife and children at home, without him, Jurgis starts to believe that the bells are mocking him. Characters: Jurgis: Gets unceremoniously thrown in the county jail while awaiting trial. Justice Pat “Growler” Callahan: the judge in Jurgis’s case, the “first finger of the unseen hand whereby the packers held down the people of their district.” Quotes: Page 164: “It was not for himself that he suffered…it was too monstrous, too horrible.” Pp 169-170: “But no, their bells were not ringing for him…six helpless children to starve and freeze?”
 * Chapter 16**-Emmy Paull:

Question 9: Jurgis ends up in jail after he confronts Connor. His prison cell sounds very similar to the conditions in the meatpacking factory: squalid, poorly-lit, and unhappy. Jurgis remains in jail for a week before being transferred.

__Chapter 17- Danny Nolan__ Brief description of plot: Jurgis awaits his trial and becomes good friends with Jack Duane, his cell-mate. Jack says he is an educated man from the east whose father killed himself after failing in business and was later cheated by a big company, which led him to becoming a safe breaker and his eventual imprisonment. Before Jurgis’ trial, Jack gives him his mistress’ address and tells him to find her if he should be found innocent. In the trial, Phil Connor testifies that he fired One fairly and Jurgis attacked him just out of revenge. Jurgis tells his story through an interpreter, but the judge does not seem to care and sentences him to a month in prison. Jurgis says his family will starve, but the judge does not care. Jurgis is sent to Bridewell Prison and spends most of his time breaking stones. He later learns that everyone in his family has lost their jobs and they cannot afford food or shelter any longer. Marija has blood poisoning from a cut hands, Ona cries in bed all day, Stanislovas could not go to work for three days because of a blizzard, so he was fired, and Teta-Elizabeth’s sausage factory shut down. The family now must resort to begging for an income.

Characters in the Chapter: Jurgis- Thrown in jail for attacking Phil Connor and is found guilty in his trial. Must spend 30 days in prison while his family starves to death. Ona- Stays in bed crying all day long while Jurgis is in prison. Jack Duane- Jurgis's cell mate who is a safebreaker after being scammed by a big business in the east. Tells Jurgis to find his mistress for help when he gets out of prison. Marija- Dying from blood poisoning from a cut in her hand and lost her job. Stanislovas- Lost his job because he could not leave his house for three days because of a blizzard. Phil Connor- Testifies against Jurgis and makes it impossible for his family to re-obtain jobs. Teta-Elizabeth- Lost her job because her sausage factory shut down.

Notable passages (including page numbers): "Our friend had caught now and then a whiff from the sewers over which he lived, the cess-pools and fens of the jungle; but this was the first time he had ever been splashed by its filth. This jailwas a Noah's ark of the city's crime- there were murdereres, "hold up men: and burglars, embezzlers, counterfeiters and forgers, bigamists, "shoptlifters," brawlers, beggars, tramps and drunkards; they wer black and white, old and young, mericans and natives of every nation under the sun. There were hardened criminals and innocent men too poor to give bail; old men and boys literally not yet in their teens. They were the drainage of the great festerng ulcer of society; they were hideous to look upon, sickenint to talk to. All life had turned to rottenness and stench in them- love was a beastly filthiness, joy was a snare and God was an imprecation." (152)

"This time Jurgis was bound for the "Bridewell," a petty jail where Cook county prisoners serve their time. It was even filthier and more crowded than the county jail' all the smaller fry out of the latter had been sifted into it- the petty thieves and swindlers, the brawlers and vagrants." (154)

"So little Stanislovas went on, sobbing as he talked; and Jurgis stood, gripping the table tightly, saying not a word, but feeling that his head would burst; it was like having weights piled upon him, one after another, crushing the life out of him. He struggled and fought within himself= as if in some terrible nightmare, in which a man suffers an agony, and cannot lift his hand, nor cry out, but feels that he is going mad, that his brain is bursting-" (157)

**<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Summary: **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Jurgis- he is excited at first to be out of jail and free; then thoughts overcome him; he finds that his house is painted a different color with different people living in it; he is overwhelmed with grief and sadness for what he had done to his family and that they are not at the house any longer. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Aniele- where Ona and Marija and the family goes after they are evicted from their house. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Ona- about to go into labor, she is very sick and is having trouble. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">p. 173- <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">“Then the sky was above him again and the open street before him, that he was a free man. But then the cold began to strike through his clothes, and he started quickly away.” <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> p.174- <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">“Then he came into the business part of the city, where the streets were sewers of inky blackness, with horses sleeping and plunging, and women and children flying across panic-stricken droves.” <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">p. 177 “Jurgis could see all the truth now- could see himself, through the whole long course of events, the victim of ravenous vultures that had torn into his vitals and devoured him; of fiends that had racked and tortured him, mocking him, meantime, jeering in his face… helpless women and children, struggling to live, ignorant and defenseless and forlorn as they were- and the enemies that had been lurking for them, crouching upon their trail and thirsting for their blood!” **** Summary ** This chapter starts off sort of right in the middle of where we left of at chapter 18, which was when we find out that Ona is about to have a premature birth. So, starting off in this chapter, Jurgis goes and gets some lady, named Madame Haupt. Once he reaches her, he tells her the situation he is in and asks for her help. Moreover, she asks for 25 dollars for her help. Then, after Jurgis explains to her that he doesn’t have any money, she finally agrees to the one dollar and twenty five cents that he has gathered from his family. From there, Jurgis leaves the building as the widow feels that he will only be a burden during the labor. So he goes to the bar, where he gets some free food, drink and place to stay. Then, very early in the morning, Jurgis returns to the boarding house where the family is staying. He first sees Madame Haupt covered in blood and she tells him that his baby is dead, and the Ona is going to die very soon. Once he rushes to her bedside, she notices him very shortly and then dies right there. In the morning, Kotrina returns from selling newspapers, and Jurgis seems to get mad at her. From there, he takes three dollars off of her and goes to the bar. ** Madame Haupt- ** She is a single, middle-aged Dutch women who seems to sort of be a women that helps in times of need. Acting like a nurse or doctor substitute for the lower class. ** Kotrina- ** Late in the chapter, Kotrina comes home after selling newspapers with her brothers. ** Themes ** ** Capitalism: ** It almost seems as though every chapter has something to do with capitalism. It seems like every character in this story falls to capitalism. They cant to this or that so they lose themselves in capitalism. ** Key Passages ** Pg. 190… “He stretched out his arms to her, he called her in wild despair; a fearful agony, desire that was a new being born within him, tearing his heartstrings, torturing him. But it was all in vain-she faded from him, she slipped back and was gone. And a wail of anguish burst from him, great sobs shook all his frame, and hot tears ran down his cheeks and fell upon her. He clutched her hands, he shook her, he caught her in his arms and pressed her to him; but she lay cold and still-she was gone-she was gone!” Chapter 20-Xochitl Carmona Plot: After Ona’s death Jurgis begins to drink more. However, he is reminded of his son Antana’s and Jurgis decides that he wants to do better for his son, so he goes out in search for a job in the Packingtown. He then realizes that he has been blacklisted and loses all hope of working. Later he finds work with harvesting machines. He begins to gain back his hope of a better life and even being able to move up. He begins taking English classes. Then he finds that his factory has been closed Characters: Connor: Has placed Jurgis on the blacklist, which keeps Jurgis from working in Packingtown. Theme: The theme of hope of gaining the American dream. Jurgis loses hope when Ona dies, but looks to his family to give him the strength to keep working. He finds a job and is inspired to learn English. He even hopes that he will become somebody; that one day he will rise above his social class. Passages: Pg. 192 “And she had suffered-so cruelly she had suffered, such agonies, such infamies-ah, God, the memory of them was not to be borne.” Pg. 195 “There was the same cold, hostile stare that he had had from the boss of the fertilizer mill. He knew that there was no use in saying a word, and he turned and went away.” Pg. 196 “they gazed at him with pitying eyes-poor devil, he was blacklisted!” Pg. 196 “It was worth a fortune to the packers to keep their blacklist effective, as a warning to the men and a means of keeping down union agitation and political discontent.” Pg. 196 “There was nothing in Packintown but packing houses; and so it was the same thing as evicting him from his home.” Pg. 198 “And so he found that the harvester works were the sort of place which philanthropists and reformers pointed with pride.”
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Chapter 18- Alex Kaplan **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Jurgis gets out of jail- he has to work for three days though, because he had to pay $1.50 to stay in jail (which he did not have).
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Jurgis goes back to his hometown.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">A boy points him in the wrong direction.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">He jumps into a car and the conductor doesn’t notice.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">He reaches his house and realizes it is a different color and there are different people outside.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">He cannot find his family.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">He decides to go to Aniele’s place because he is so in shock that he cannot find any of his family members.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">He finds Ona and Marji there.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">The children are gone, but Ona is having her baby and needs help.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">It is all chaos and Jurgis takes money from Marji in order to go look for help.
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Characters: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Notable passages: **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">
 * Chapter 19-Robert Rakocy
 * New Characters **

**Chapter 21:** Emmy Paull The family is now living solely on what the children earn, as Jurgis is having serious issues finding another job. The family even resorts to rummaging through garbage dumps for food. One day, a woman finds Juozapas at the dump and, hearing about and eventually seeing the way he lives, gives Jurgis a recommendation for her fiancé’s steel mill. With the help of her recommendation, he gets the job. The steel mill is too far away to commute every day, so Jurgis now only comes home on the weekends. While at home, he takes great delight in his son, loving it when he begins to speak. However, one day he returns home to find out that little Antanas has drowned. Characters: Juozapas: Teta Elzbieta’s disabled child who gets the family food by rummaging in dumps. Jurgis: Gets a far-away job at a steel mill. Elzbieta: Tells the wealthy woman of the family’s woes when she comes to visit. She also gets the long-awaited chance to earn extra money by sweeping the floor of one of the packer’s offices. Antanas: Jurgis’s son, who is about a year and a half old and is a “perfect talking machine.” Unfortunately, he drowns in the mud at the end of the chapter. Quotes: Page 214: “Jurgis walked home with his pittance of pay…for doing his duty too well!” Page 219: “He was taken to the Bessemer furnace…where beauty and terror dwell.”

__Chapter 22- Danny Nolan__ Brief description of plot: Jurgis leaves his house after seeing Antana’s dead body and goes to a railroad car and hides. He rides the train into the country and the fresh air relaxes him, although he is still very upset about the long nightmare that he has endured in America. He asks a farmer he comes across for some food, but he refuses and in his anger tears up his farm. A new farmer allows him to spend the night in his farmer and buy dinner. He offers him a job up until November, but is confused as to why a strong man like him cannot find a job in the city. Jurgis explains that so many people flock to the city in the winter that there are not enough jobs. Jurgis continues on his way and finds it easy to find jobs in the countryside. He makes what he would consider a fortune and spends it all on alcohol and women in one night, and he feels terrible for it.

Characters in the Chapter: Jurgis- After Antana dies, Jurgis leaves the city and travels through the countryside. He finds life to be much more pleasant there and gets jobs pretty easily and he makes a sum of money he would have considered a fortune in the city.

Notable passages (including page numbers): "So he went on, tearing up all the flowers from the garden of his soul, and setting his heel upon them. The train thundered deafeningly, and a storm of dust blew in his face; but though the train stopped now and then through the night, he clung where he was- he would cling there until he was driven off, for every mile that he got from Packingtown meant another load from his mind." (193)

"But Jurgis was not staying. He was a free man now, a buccaneer. The old //Wonderlust// had got into his blood, the joy of the unbound life, the joy of seeking, of hoping without limit." (197)

"On the contrary, try as he would, Jurgis could not help being made miserable by his conscience. It was the ghost that would not down. It would come upon him in the most unexpected places- sometimes it fairlydrove him to drink." (199-200)

"He went on and on down the road, finally coming to a black woods, where he hid and wept as if his heart would break. Ah, what agony was that, what despair, when the tomb of memory was rent open and the ghosts of his old life came forth to scourge him! What woe, to see, what he had been and now could never be- to see Ona, and his child, and his own dead self, stretching out their arms to him, calling to him across a bottoless abyss- and to know that they were gone from him forever, and he writing and suffocating in the mire of his own vileness!" (200)

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Jurgis goes back to Chicago in the fall. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Jurgis finds a job digging underground tunnels for railway freight. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Jurgis starts spending a large portion of his money on alcohol. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Jurgis gets into an accident and breaks his arm- Christmas is spent in the hospital. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Jurgis is suffering greatly after being released from the hospital because of the cold weather. Ex: he goes to a religious revival solely to stay warm. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Jurgis- see information above in chapter summary; he is the only important character in the chapter. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">p. 225 “From now on Jurgis worked from seven o’clock until half-past five, with half an hour for dinner; which meant that he never saw the sunlight on weekdays. In the evenings there was no place for him to go except a barroom; no place where there was light and warmth, where he could hear a little music or sit with a companion and talk. He had now no home to go to; he had no affection left in his life- only the pitiful mockery of it in the camaraderie of vice… He had, of course, his corner in a close though unheated room, with a window opening upon a blank wall two feet away; and also he had the bare streets, with the winter gales sweeping through them; besides this he had only the saloons- and, of course, he had to drink to stay in them.” <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">p. 226 “Jurgis spent his Christmas in this hospital, and it was the pleasantest Christmas he had had in America, Every year there were scandals and investigations in this institution, the newspapers charging the doctors were allowed to try fantastic experiments upon the patients; but Jurgis knew nothing of this- his only complaint was that they used to feed him upon tinned meat, which no man who had ever worked in Packingtown would feed to his dog.” <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">p. 230 “This was one day, and the cold spell lasted for fourteen of them. At the end of six days every cent of Jurgis’ money was gone; and then he went out on the streets to beg for his life.” <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'"> This chapter starts off in a new winter. And with this new winter comes no work for Jurgis, and it becomes harder than ever to find work as well. He starts to beg for money just like every other poor homeless person in the lower class. One night, while he was begging, a man named Freddie Jones walks out of a bar drunk. He see’s Jurgis and invites to his house for a real meal. Once they are in the cab, the man gives Jurgis a bill and tells him to pay the driver and keep the remaining change. To Jurgis’s luck and surprise, it is a one hundred dollar bill. They then get to the house, and Jurgis is shocked by how nice it is. It appears to be the most luxurious thing he has ever seen. Throughout this whole ordeal, Freddie just keeps on talking and talking, and Jurgis soon finds out that his is the son of some big meat packer in Packingtown. From there, Jurgis figures out that he in fact worked for his father during his first job. Freddie gets his butler to make a meal for Jurgis. His butler, who is named Hamilton, is clearly unentertained and doesn’t really like the whole situation. After Freddie falls asleep, he orders Jurgis to fall asleep. He even tries to search him for stolen goods, though Jurgis says he can’t and threatens to fight him if he tries to. ** Freddie Jones ** - He is a wealthy young man who we meet in this chapter. Jurgis meets him stumbling out of a bar. He seems to be kind to Jurgis, however this seems only because his is extremely drunk. ** Living Conditions- ** Sinclair uses this chapter to help show the huge difference in lifestyles between Jurgis and Freddie. He also wanted to show the unfairness of the whole situation: Jurgis, who is struggling to find work, cant even keep a home or for that matter anything, then Freddie, who is the son of a wealthy meat packer, lives in luxury without every lifting a finger. Pg. 237… “Before them there loomed an enormous granite pile, set far back from the street, and occupying a whole block. By the light of the driveway lamps Jurgis could see that it had towers and huge gables, like a medieval castle. He thought that they young fellow must have made a mistake-it was inconceivable to him that any person could have a home like a hotel or the city hall. But her followed in silence, and they went up the long flight of steps, arm in arm.” Chapter 25-Xochitl Carmona Plot: Jurgis tries to find a place to exchange his hundred dollar bill, and finally resorts to exchange it at the saloon. There the bartender cheats him and only gives him 95 cents. Jurgis filled with rage, attacks the bartender and is sent to jail. There he meets up with his old friend Janck Duane, who informs Jurgis that if he can help him out with money. When Jurgis is released from Jail he looks for Duane. Duane introduces Jurgis to the criminal life. Jurgis begins by robbing a man, who later is found out to have suffered from a concussion and frostbite after the attack. Jurgis is finally introduced to the high criminal life, where he is sent to work for Scully’s political campaign. Harper helps Jurgis find a job in the stockyards again, where Jurgis is supposed to talk up Scully so that the working men will vote for him. Characters: Jack Duane: Meets Jurgis in prison and later introduces him to the criminal life. Mike Scully: Corrupted Democrat, whose campaign Jurgis is working with. Scully is the cause for the unpaved streets in which Jurgis’s child had drowned, putting into office the magistrate who had first sent Jurgis to jail, selling Jurgis the tenements and robbed him of it. Harper “Bush”: The right hand man of Scully. Helped Jurgis get a job in the stockyards. Theme: This chapter shows how honesty will only get you so far, but thievery, dishonesty, and the criminal way will get you much further in life. Jurgis has a much easier time making money as a criminal than he once did as a workingman. Passages: Pg. 249 “It seemed monstrous to him that policemen and judges should esteem his words as nothing in comparison with the bartender’s; poor Jurgis could not know that the owner of the saloon paid five dollars each week to the policeman alone for Sunday privileges and general favors.” Pg. 252 “Jurgis was sent out to buy a paper; one of the pleasures of committing a crime was the reading about it afterward.” Pg. 253 “The city was owned by an oligarchy of businessmen, being nominally ruled by people, huge army of power.” **Chapter 26**- Emmy Paull Jurgis continues to work as a hog trimmer, until a huge strike begins and Jurgis becomes a scab, earning three dollars a day. He is offered a job as a boss once the strike ends. It does, briefly, before continuing. Jurgis encounters Phil Connor, and attacks him once again. While in jail, he discovers that Scully won’t help him out because he and Connor are close. Once out of jail, Jurgis flees to the other side of the city. Characters: Jurgis becomes a scab, attacks Connor, goes to prison, and flees the city. Quotes: Page 285: “So Jurgis became one of the new…and rushed out to serve him.” Page 293: “The ‘Union Stockyards’ were never a pleasant place…and toilet rooms that were open sewers.”
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Chapter 23 **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Summary: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Characters: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Notable Passages: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Questions: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">How did Jurgis get hurt on the job? What happens to him? Where does he work after that? Describe the conditions: **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Jurgis is hit by an engine and a loaded car on his way out from the tunnels. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">He is knocked against a wall and passes out. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">He finds out that he has broken his arm after going to the hospital. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">He spends the last cents of his money after he gets out of the hospital trying to find a place to stay and drinking and eating. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">He then begs on the street because he can’t work with his arm injury. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">
 * Chapter 24-Robert Rakocy **
 * Summary **
 * New Characters **
 * Themes **
 * Key Passages **

__Chapter 27- Danny Nolan__ Brief descripton of plot: Jurgis has to start begging for a job and the strike ends just as he is most desperate and the labor imported during the strike adds competition. Returning to his old homeless ways hits him hard and he gets fired from a job because he is not strong enough. Jurgis then meets an old friend from Packingstown and she gives him Marija’s address. He goes and the police raid it when he gets there. Marija tells him that Stanislovas was killed by rats when he fell asleep and she resorted to prostitution to live. Jurgis spends the night in jail thinking about what he did to his family by abandoning them.

Characters in the Chapter: Jurgis- Cannot find work and resorts to begging. Gets arrested looking for Marija and finds out what has happened to his family while he was gone. Marija- Finds Jurgis in a brothel and tells him of the life after he left. Cassidy- Jurgis' boss.

Notable passages (including page numbers): "An opprotunity such as this would not come twice to a man; and Jurgis seized it. Yes, he knew the work, the whole of it, and he could teach it to others. But if he took the job and gave satisfaction he would expect to keep it- they would not turn him off at the end of the strike?" (248)

"In the face of handicaps such as these the packers counted themselces lucky if they could kill off the cattle that had been crippled in transit, and the hogs that have developed diseases." (249)

“Jurgis had looked into the deepest reaches of the social pit, and grown used to the sights in them. Yet when he had thought of all humanity as vile and hideous, he had somehow always excepted his own family, that he loved, and now this sudden horrible discovery- Marjia a whore, and Elzbetia and the children living off her shame!” (250)

"Men who had already got to work on the killing-floor dropped their tolls and joined them; and some galloped here and there on horse-back, shouting the tidings. Within half an hour the whole of Packingtown was on strike again, and beside itself with fury." (251)

<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Prostitutes are set free after the madam of brothel pays the fine <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Jurgis does not receive a penalty because he says that the only reason he went was to visit his sister <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Marija is a morphine addict- she says that almost all of the prostitutes are addicted to something <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">There is a lot of explanation from Marija about the lives of these women- they are kidnapped and forced to work but cannot leave because they are in debt and addicted to drugs. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Jurgis considers going to stay with Teta Elzbieta but doesn’t want to see her until he has a job because he feels guilt for leaving them after Antanas’ death. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Jurgis looks for work. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Jurgis wanders into a socialist political meeting and doses off during the speech, but once he begins to pay attention, he realizes that the speaker is noting many of the miseries that Jurgis has faced himself. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol"> ·  <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Jurgis feels good because he found a political party for him, unlike the others which are solely for “privileged, powerful, and wealthy”. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Marija- admits that she is a morphine addict; <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Jurgis- looks for work; attends socialist policial party meeting- he enjoys it and feels good about the party. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Phil Connor- Ona’s boss; he sexually harassed her at the facotory where she works; has the power to destroy Jurgis’ life; has many ties to his life. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">p. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 295 “How can I be anything but sick, at this life?” <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">p. 295 “It’s the way of it; I don’t know why. If it isn’t that, it’s drink. If the girls didn’t booze they couldn’t stand it any time at all. And the madame always gives them dop when they first come, and they learn to like it; or else they take it for headaches and such things, and get the habit that way. I’ve got it, I know; I’ve tried to quit, but I never will while I’m here.” <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> p. 297 “Most of the women here are pretty decent- you’d be surprised. I used to think they did it because they liked to; but fancy a woman selling herself to every kind of man that comes, old or young, black or white- and doing it because she likes to!” <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">p. 304 “The sentences of this man were to Jurgis like the crashing of thunder in his soul.” The speaker has given Jurgis a feeling of rejuvenation because Jurgis realizes that he is not alone in his struggles, there are millions of people just like him. Jurgis now feels that he can go out and improve on his life and he has the power to do so. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Chapter 28 **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Summary: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Characters: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">Notable Passages: **
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">Questions: **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">How does the socialist meeting help Jurgis to discover himself? **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">The meeting made him a supporter of the socialist party. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">It gave him confidence- he can do something and he has power in the world. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">He realizes that there are a lot of people similar to him and many people are having a hard time in life with all the bad conditions of their work. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'">
 * <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Tw Cen MT','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">He feels like he has a voice again.

This chapter starts off at the end of the political meeting Jurgis just attended. He clearly seems interested and wants to find out more about their political views that were discussed during the meeting. The speaker tells him to go talk to some man named Ostrinski, who is a Polish politician who speaks Lithuanian. Jurgis and Ostrinski meet up, and they go to Ostrinski’s house to discuss politics and they unfair lifestyle’s that they are living. Ostrinski explains politics to Jurgis for the rest of their time, he tells him how there are two political parties. One, which is made up of the small., wealthy upper class and the other a larger group of workers. He then goes on to explain each group and how workers like Jurgis need to rise up and become socialists. Ostrinski also starts to promote such socialist ideas and explains to Jurgis how soon, socialism will become a world wide movement. ** New Characters ** ** Themes ** ** Political ignorance/Naïve- ** In this chapter, Jurgis is explained about socialism and politics for that matter. However, he has never been exposed to any sort of political action or movement, so he doesn’t really know how to respond. “ ‘You want to know more about Socialism?’ he asked… Jurgis started. ‘I-I-‘ he stammered. ‘Is it Socialism? I didn’t know, I want to know about what you spoke of-I want to help. I have been through all of that.’”(311) Pg. 315… “It would not do, Ostrinski explained, for the proletariat of one nation to achieve the victory, for that nation would be crushed by the military power of the others; and so the Socialist movement was a world movement, and organization of all mankind to establish liberty and fraternity. It was the new religion of humanity-or you might say it was the fulfillment of the old religion, since it implied but the literal application of all the teachings of Christ.” Pg. 316… “When Jurgis had made himself familiar with the Socialist literature, as he would very quickly, he would get glimpses of the Beef Trust from all sorts of aspects, and he would find it everywhere the same; it was the incarnation of blind and insensate Greed. It was a monster devouring with a thousand mouths, trampling with a thousand hoofs; it was the Great Butcher-it was the spirit of Capitalism made flesh.” Chapter 30-Xochitl Carmona Plot: Jurgis finally finds the courage to see Teta. She lets him stay after knowing that he is not a drunk and will work to support the family. Jurgis finds work with Tommy Hinds, who is a stage organizer for the socialist party. Hinds later uses Jurgis during his socialist campaign and even has Jurgis share his experiences about the stockyards. He has Jurgis share the actual recipes of the meat and how filthy the working places are. After learning that Hinds wants Jurgis to talk about his experiences in the Packingtown to inform people of the mistreatment, Jurgis takes Socialism seriously and goes around trying to encourage more people to support it. He begins to read more newspapers and the picks up the //Appeal to Reason//, which is passed around to the workingmen. However, Jurgis still gets annoyed when he cannot convince people to become socialists. Especially when the Democratic party tries to preach that they are not corrupt, Jurgis yells out that they are lies and tells how he knows that they are lying. Characters: Tommy Hinds: Stage organizer foe the socialist party, where he preaches in a small hotel. Themes: Socialism begins to be the big concentration for Jurgis, in which he fights for and tries to have other people join him. Socialism is an evil Passages: Pg. 320 “Hind’s hotel was a very hotbed of the propaganda; all the employees were party men, and if they were not when they came, they were quite certain to be before they went away.” Pg. 323 “He would cut off one hand for Tommy Hinds.” Pg. 323 “Only one difference between them and all the rest of the populace-that they were men with a hope, with a cause to fight for and suffer for.” Pg. 324 “The whole balance of what the people produced went to heap up the fortunes of these capitals.” Pg. 326 “Life was a struggle for existence, and the strong overcame the weak, and in turn were overcome by the strongest. Those who lost in the struggle were generally exterminated.” Questions: ** What was The Appeal? ** <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">He realized that worked were defined by the socialist movement. It was their means of living. He began to believe what he learned about socialism and as well tried to bring other people into it. <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">
 * Chapter 29-Robert Rakocy **
 * Summary **
 * Osrtinski- ** He is a Polish man who is an advocate of Socialism. He lives in a poor area just like Jurgis and speaks Lithuanian. “Comrade Ostrinski was a little man, scarcely up to Jurgis’s shoulder, wizened and wrinkled, very ugly, and slightly lame. He had on a long-tailed black coat, worn freen at the seams and the buttonholes; his eyes must have been weak, for he wore green spectacles that gave him a grotesque appearance. But his handclasp was hearty, and he spoke in Lithuanian, which warmed Jurgis to him. “(311)
 * Key Passages **
 * A propaganda paper **
 * <span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> What important realization did Jurgis have as a result of his contact with socialism? **<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">

Jurgis tries to persuade Marija to leave prostitution, but she says she cannot because she is addicted to morphine. Later, Jurgis meets with a magazine editor who does not agree with the Socialist platform, and tries to persuade him with the help of Nicholas Schliemann. He explains the goals and beliefs of the Socialists. The day after this conversation is election day, and the Socialists share in a number of victories across the country. The novel ends with the words “CHICAGO SHALL BE OURS!” Characters: Nicholas Schliemann- a proponent for Socialism Quotes: Page 353: “His outward life was commonplace…so many wonders to be discovered!” Pp 355-356: “Nicholas Schliemann was familiar…American evangelicalism—“ Pp 369-370: “Fifty thousand Socialist votes…CHICAGO WILL BE OURS!’” Question 13.1: Schliemann explains that a philosopher anarchist is an anarchist (“one who believed that the end of human existence was the free development of every personality, unrestricted by laws save those of its own being”) who applies those principles to philosophy and action in society.
 * Chapter 31 **

1. Sinclair wrote the nook to argue for workers' rights and the Socilist vision, but the impact was different then he expected. The emphasis was put on the meatpacking industry instead of the workers' rights and he said, "I reached their stomachs, not their hearts." 2. It is called a "protest novel" because it is an exposure of intolerable positions in the working place and is meant to illustrate these issues and tries to get them resolved. 3. A lot more people became cautious of the meat they ate and the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the Meat Inspection Act, and meat consumption and production in America was greatly reduced.
 * Questions**

4. The writer of the Introduction offers many criticisms including that blacks appear in the book as "dissolute scabs" and "Sinclair makes no effort to see these hapless strikebreakers as human beings in their own right." (xvi) The story and information of the tim eperiod it was written in is very blunt, and crude with "sickening" details.

5. It changed the meatpacking industry forever and made American meat much cleaner. There is also a lot of importance in the title, seeing as //The Jungle// says a lot about the time period this book takes place in and the society in which the people were exposed to in the cities. There was a lot of chaos in the city and in the meatpacking plants, and this book really did change the meatpacking industry forever. The message was that workers were being treated wrongly and a change was needed, but a change took place in the meatpacking industry.

6. Mike Scully- A rich Irish democractic boss who owns a lot of property around the stockyard including all the housing and the festering dump. Extrememly corrupt and only cares about making money. Bubbly Creek- The place in the Chicago River where they dumped all the leftover parts of the cow. Packingtown- Another name for the meatpacking plants in Chicago because it was the center of the slaughtering and meatpacking industry in the city. Dr. Schliemann- A proponent of Socialism and he went to the magazine editor's house with Jurgis to talk with the editor about Socialism, he was also a philosopher anarchist. Tommy Hinds- A stage organizer for the Socialist party where he preached in a small hotel trying to gain followers. Jurgis finds work with him, and Hinds later uses Jurgis in his Socialist campaign and has him shares his experience in the stockyards. Madame Haupt- A single, middle-aged Dutch woman who acts as a nurse for the lower class. Jack Duane- Jurgis' cell mate who says he is an educated man from the east whose father killed himself after failing in business and was later cheated by a big company, so he became became a safe breaker and this led to his imprisonment.

7. Jurgis and Ona heard from Jonas, who heard from Jokubus, that you can easily make a fortune in America. Being newlyweds, they trael to American in a hope for a life of higher wages.

8. All the people who lives in Jurgis' neighborhood are getting ripped off by the builders of the houses because they can never actually own their houses. This is a good example of the corruption in Chicago.

9. After hearing that Phil Connor tried to make Ona his mistress, he assaults him and gets thrown in jail. Both are highly unsanitary and he stays in jail for 30 days and is blacklisted for attacking Connor.

10. He sprains his ankle by chasing a loose steer and he is bed-ridden for three months so he is fired the first time. The second time he was injured, he was hit by an engine on a loaded car on the way out of a tunnel and was knocked against a wall and was unconscious. He had a broken arm and he spends his last money trying to find a place to stay and eat. Afterwards he is forced to beg on the street.

11. When Jurgis sees Antana's dead body, this causes him to break and wander. He wanders through the city without a cause for awhile, then hops a train to the country. He travels through the country and the fresh air clears his head and he begins finding jobs in farms.

12. **(Xochitl had the answers to the first part and was absent today)** The meeting made him a supporter of the Socialist party and gave him confidence that he could do something in the world. He realized that many others are having a hard time in America, not just him, and he realizes he has a voice in the world.

13. He says that a philosopher anarchist is someone who supports the disbanding of the law for the good purposes and he considered himself just that. The Appeal was a Socialist newspaper and his important realization was that he had a voice in the world again and that other people in America were having just as much trouble as he was.