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Please post your chapter summaries in this format No bold No bold No bold
 * Chapter Number _**
 * Brief description of the plot:**
 * Characters in the Chapter:**
 * Notable passages (including page number):**

Hopie Hambleton Description of plot:** Jurgis finally finds a job in the meat packing industry at Brown's, after refusing help from Jokubas Szedvila who has connections to Durham's, because he is confident in his own ability to get a job by himself. Jurgis takes a tour of Durham's, another meat packing company which has an intense rivalry with Brown's. At Durham's Jurgis is exposed to the unsanitary conditions of the meat packing process by watching the slaughtering of both pigs and cattle. While watching the slaughtering and the suffering of the animals, Jurgis cannot help but think about what might happen to them after they were killed, was their a hog heaven where they were congratulated for their good work?, was one of the main questions he thought about. He also personified the pigs by thinking of their possible hopes and dreams before they were killed. Yet amidst the slaughtering and suffering, Jurgis cannot help but be mesmerized with the whole orchestration of the slaughtering process. At one stop in this process stands the government health inspector who checks the carcasses of the hogs for Tuberculosis, he talks to someone while letting several carcasses go unchecked. By the end of the tour we see that the process of converting animals into meat products ready to be shipped out takes only a day, and then the whole process repeats everyday. Jurgis is very eager to be apart of the meat packing industry because it seems like a job of great importance.
 * Chapter 3 The Jungle

Jurgis- He finds a job at Brown's, a meat packing company. He finds that he is eagar to go to work because he believes he is really making a difference in the world through his job. Jurgis shows sympathy towards the hogs by thinking about the question of a hog afterlife. Jokubas Szedvila- He gives the "grand tour" of Durham's, and adds clever remarks throughout the tour including, "They use everything about the hog except the squeal" (33), which describes the meat packing industry's ability to take any part of an animal and create it into something that can make them more money.
 * Characters:**

"They had chains which they fastened about the leg of the nearest hog, and the other end of the chain they hooked into one of the rings upon the wheel. So, as the wheel turned, a hog was suddenly jerked off his feet" (34). This is one out of the disturbing passages that discuss the mistreatment of the animals in the meat packing industries.
 * Key Passages**

"It was all so buisnesslike that one watched it fascinated... And yet the most matter-of-fact person could not help thinking of the hogs; they were so innocent, they came so very trustingly; and they were so very human in their protests-and so perfectly within their rights! They had done nothing to deserve it; it was adding insult to injury, as the impersonal way, without pretense of apology without an homage of a tear. Now and then a visitor wept, to be sure; but this slaughtering maching ran on, visitors or no visitors. It was all like some horrible crime committed in a dungeon, all unseen and unheeded, buried out of sight and of memory" (35). This quote talks about how impersonal the whole slaughtering process it is, and how the animals are treated so horribly. It also shows Jurgis's major sympathy to the human like pigs, and because of this description it is no wonder why this book has caused the nation's decrease in meat consumption.

"Relentless, remorseless, it was; all his protests, his screams, were nothing to it-it did its cruel with him, as if his wished, his feelings, had simply no existense at all; it cut its throat and watched him gasp out his life" (35). This is another example of SInclair's personification of the pigs, and also emphasizes the suffering of the pigs as well

"It employed thirty thousand men it supported directly two hundred and fifty thousand people in its neighborhood, and indirectly it supported half a million" (40). This quote shows the major impact that the meat packing industry during this time period.

David Thomas 4/17/08   Mr. Randolph US History A block //The Jungle// Chapter Four __ Summary __ Jurgis is finally working and reports to his job promptly. He waits at the door for two hours not knowing that he can just walk in. When the boss arrives he curses Jurgis, but he does not understand so pays it no mind. Jurgis cleans the blood and the floors of the plant, and is not bothered at all by the stench or gruesome qualities. He is very excited to be working and earns seventeen and a half cents an hour. When he gets home after work, he is surprised with more good news. Jonas will begin work in the oncoming week after an interview and Marija will begin to learn a new trade. Jurgis wants Teta and Ona to stay at home and watch their house. He does not want the children going to work because he has heard that in America children can go to school for free. After all the luck with finding jobs, the family decides that maybe they should look for a house. They do not like the idea of rent and would rather have something to own in future years. They find a flyer and see a house that they like and begin to inquire about its availability. Though it is a bit expensive, they can pull it off and decide to take a look at it. Their agent is a gentleman and sweet talker that speaks their language. While showing them the house, they see good and bad things, but do not speak up to the agent because it would be disrespectful. They go back and forth, trying to decide whether to purchase the property, but in the end Jurgis decides to be the “man” and make the decision to buy the house. When they go to sign the papers, they realize they would be renting the home, and not get a chance to own it for at least nine years. They get a lawyer but he is the agent’s friend and so they do not trust him. Jurgis finds a lawyer he can trust and is reassured it is only called “renting” because it makes it easier to evict people who do not pay in a timely matter. __ Themes __ __ Quotes __ “It was all robbery, for a poor man.” (51) “His soul was dancing with joy-he was at work at last.” (44)
 * Respect
 * Language barrier
 * Hard work

Chapter 5 The Jungle Emily Gavin The family moves into their new house along with buying furniture and different types of furnishings for it. Everyone in the family starts to work and they all get different Jobs. Jurgis likes his job at the slaughterhouse though it is rather difficult at times and is confused as to why the rest of society is against the conditions of work and joining unions. Dede Antanas gets an offer for a job where he has to give another man one third of his pay. The job is packing meat, the most disgusting meat. Jurgis talks to his friend Tamoszius about industry and how corrupt is is "from the top to the bottom".
 * Summary:**

Jurgis Marija Tamoszius Kuszleika Dede Antanas
 * Characters:**

"They were going to be married as soon as they could get everything settled, and a little spare money....would be theirs" (p. 55)
 * Key Passages:**

"Jurgis would find out these things for himself, if he stayed there long enough; it was the men... in Packingtown by doing good work." (p. 59)

"But old Antanas had begged... any sort of job." (p. 60)

"When he came home that night... at him for his faith in America." (p. 63)

Chapter 6 The Jungle Julie Stevens Description of plot: Jurgis and Ona were very much and love with one another, but they were having a hard time paying the bills. Every evening they would sit and try to manage their expenses, and the only way to pay for them was for Ona to get a second job. Jurgis and Ona come to meet Grandmother Majauszkiene who talks about how she cheats the company on houses with her son. She also talks about how she has come to America with her son, and the workers that she was associated with were all German. When cheaper labor came, the Irish came, then the Bohemians and then the Poles. Then the Poles were driven away by the Lituanians and the Lithuanians were driven away by the Slovaks. She talks about how the packers find the poorest people and squeeze the life out of them. She goes on to talk about how the Laffertys had belonged to the “War Whoop Leauge” which was a political club with thugs and rowdies, and if you were in this club you could not be arrested for anything. The house that she lives in is unlucky, a Bohemian family has lost a child in it. Back in the day there was no law against children being too young to work, but now you have to be sixteen. Later, Gradmother Majauszkiene goes on to tell Jugis nad Ona that they must pay interest on their house, which creates controversy. Ona tries to get a job and gets an interview sewing covers on hams and Little Stanislovas gets a job putting lard into cans. With all of this work Jurgis and Ona find that they have enough money to pay including interest.

Characters: Jurgis: very much in love with Ona, judged everything whether it hurt or helped their relationship, when he found out he had to pay 7 extra dollars on the house he told Ona “I will work harder” Ona: very much in love with Jurgis, to pay for her wedding she thought about getting a job, got an interview sewing covers on hams for eight to ten dollars a week Teta Elzbieta: had strict traditions that she stood by, she was important in her childhood, lived on a big estate, has servants, clung to her traditions with desperation Grandmother Majauszkiene: socialist Lithuanian who came to America with her grown son, had been through a lot of misfortune so she talked about starvation, sickness and death, played a game in which they fooled the company that took care of housing by selling houses that people couldn’t pay for, and then, they would loose the house and the company would have to start all over again selling it. Showed Jurgis that he had to pay interest on his house. Little Stanislovas: began to work at a lard factory, lied about his age, carried two dollars home from work

Key Passages: Pg. 73 “Then again there was not a sound. It was sickening, like a nightmare, in which suddenly something gives way beneath you, and you feel yourself sinking, sinking, down into bottomless abyses. As if in a flash of lightning they saw themselves victims of a relentless fate, cornered, trapped, in the grip of destruction. All of the fair structure of their hopes came crashing about their ears. Importance: talks about the underlying fear that unemployment brings, what these immigrants have to go through, the shock that absorbs them when they least expect it. They want to live the American dream, but money is holding them down.

Pg. 74 “No if course it was not fair, but then fairness had nothing to do with it.” Great quote that talks about the life of an immigrant, nothing is fair. Nothing is handed to you on a silver platter, you have to want it, and sometimes even wanting it is not enough

Pg. 76 “And for this, at the end of the week, he would carry home three dollars to his family, being his pay at the rate of five cents per hour-just about his proper share of the total earnings of the million three-quarters of children who are now engaged in earning their livings in the United States. This is a great quote because it gives a huge perspective on the child labor that is going on in the United States at this time. It also gives some hope to children that they maybe are really making a difference.

Ellen Gardner Description of plot:**  Ona’s and Jurgis’s wedding leave them in debt and despair. Ona, Jurgis, and Stanislovas have to return to work the next day, despite their exhaustion and illness. Jurgis learns that working in America is “a war of each against all,” and that in America “you were environed by hostile powers that were trying to get your money.” The dangers and poor conditions at work and home, such as the cold and the germs and diseases that were easily spread, show many people and characters at once dying or becoming sick or injured. Regardless of the brutally cold weather, poor and homeless workers come to factories by the thousands to attempt to get jobs offered to only one or two hundred men. The workers spent most of their checks on beer in the saloons, which was the only place that they could cash their checks. Jurgis did not, and got a reputation in the saloons to be “a surely fellow, and was not quite welcome at the saloons, and had to drift about from on to another. ” -Ona suffers because her marriage and love was crushed by her debt. She is very sensitive and cries very easily. She turns to Jurgis for resolutions. Jurgis says that "she was not fitted for such a life as this." She does not speak up for herself. She suffers from illnesses from the cold, and cruelty from forewoman she works for because she "did not like to have her girls marry." -Jurgis feels that Ona is too goo for him, and, to keep her from seeing this, he would not show any of his "ugly self," he would take care of family matters, and he would protect her and try to hide her from the world. Thinking of Ona keeps him from spending his money on beer. -Stanislovas became scared of the cold and would not go to or return from work without Jurgis with him.
 * Chapter Number 7
 * Characters in Chapter:**

"He learned the ways of things about him now. It was a war of each against all, and the devil take the hindmost. you did not give feasts to other people, you waited for them to give feasts to you. You went about with your soul full of suspician and hatred; you understood that you were environed by hostile powers that were trying to get your money and who used all the virtues to bait their traps with. the storekeepers plastered up their windows with all sorts of lies to entice you, the very fences by the wayside, the lampposts and telegraph poles, were pasted over with lies. The great corporation which employed you, lied to the whole country— from top to bottom it was nothing but one gigantic lie" (78)
 * Notable passages:**

"Their children were not as well as they had been at home, but how could they know that there was no sewer to their house, and that the drainage of fifteen years was in a cesspool under it? How could they know that the pale-blue milk that they bought around the corner was watered, and doctored with formaldehyde besides? When the children were not well at home, Teta Elzbieta would gather herbs and cure them; now she was obliged to go to the drugstore and buy extracts— and how was she to know that their tea and coffee, their sugar and flour, had been doctored, that their canned peas had been colored with copper salts, and their fruit jams with aniline dyes?" (79-80).

"He worked in a place where his feet were soaked in chemicals, and it was not long before they had eaten through his new boots. Then sores began to break out on his feet, and grow worse and worse. Whether it was that his blood was bad, or there had been a cut, he could not say; but he asked the men about it, and learned that it was a regular thing-it was saltpeter. Everyone felt it, sooner or later, and then it was all up with him, at least for that sort of work. The sores would bever heal-in the end his toes would drop off, if he did not quit. Yet old Antanas would not quit; he saw the suffering of his family, and he remembered what it had cost him to get a job...The poor man was put to bed, and though he tried it every mornign until the end, he never could get up again...There came a time when there was so little flesh on him that the bones began to poke through...there was nothing that could be done. Mercifully the doctor did not say this so that the old man could hear, for he was still clinging to the faith that tomorrow or next day he would be better, and could go back to his job" (81-82).

"The new hands were here by the thousand. All day long the gates of packing houses were besieged by starvating and peniless men; they came, literally, by the thousands every single mornign, fighting with each other for a chance for life. Blizzards and cold made no difference to them, they were always on hand; they ere on hand two hours before sun rose, an hour before the work began. Sometimes their faces froze, and sometimes their feet and hands; sometimes they froze all together-but still they came, for they had no other place to go" (83).

"The cruelest thing of all was that nearly all of them-all of those who used knives-were unable to wear gloves, and their arms would be white with frost and their hands would grow numb, and then of course there would be accidents. Also the air would be full of steam, from the hot water and the hot blood, so that you could not see five feet before you; and then, with men rushing about the speed they kept up on the killing beds, and all with butcher knives, like razors, in their hands-well, it was to be counted as a wonder that there were not more men slaughtered than cattle" (85).

Corruption, love, death and sickness, poor working and living conditions, money/poverty, desperation
 * Themes:**


 * Chapter 8** Jordy Blenner

Tamoszius, a musician his fiddle-playing brings a little happiness into the family’s life. He is also a well-liked guest at various celebrations because he is a musician. These celebrations help the family in surviving the harsh conditions and poverty. Tamoszius proposes to Marija and she accepts. They plan to finish the attic in the house and use it for their room. Marija’s factory shuts down and she loses her job. During the winter, after the rush season, many factories close down and many workers lose their jobs. Jurgis goes through a reduction of hours. He was reminded of how he thought it was easy to get the American dream but he was wrong when he first came to America

Chapter Summary** Jurgis begins to attend union meetings, and he decides he will learn English by attending night school, along with children helping him. Jurgis meets a man who works in this same factory as him, and this man tells Jurgis he must become a U.S. citizen. The man takes Jurgis to the voting booths and marks a ballot, but the man is the one telling Jurgis who he should vote for, and as compensation for this, the man gives Jurgis two dollars. Later Jurgis learns from the union leaders that he had just taken part in a vote buying plan. Jurgis also begins to learn the way that Packingtown works, and begins to learn of the corruption of Packingtown through Mike Scully. Physical injuries and diseases spreading throughout the factory is only part of what Jurgis begins to learn about, and along with all of this he learns of the lies of the meat packing business. "Deviled ham" is one of the many ways that the meat companies sell diseased meat to the public. Not only that, but we learn about "Bubbly Creek," which is a part of the Chicago River where the drainage from the factory drains into the river. From all of the grease and chemicals the river emits bubbles filled with carbonic acids.
 * Chapter 9**
 * Hopie Hambleton

Jurgis- He begins to lose his innocence of the meat packing business, and life in America. He learns that not everything is the way it seems by the "deviled ham" experience. Also he learns that not only are the meat packing industries dishonest, so are politics in America. Mike Scully- He is very wealthy Irish politician. He owns: the dump that Jurgis and Ona saw on their first day in America, the brick factory, the hole where the stagnant water was and from this water he was able to make ice and sell it. When a scandal arouse that possibly could have invovled Scully, Scully paid someone to confess and take all the blame for the scandal for Scully. Under him, he employed many men who worked eight hours a day with the highest wages.
 * Characters**

"Also the union made another great difference with him-it made him begin to pay attention to the country. It was the beginning of democracy with him." (91) This quote shows Jurgis's beginning in the union, and how it begins to play a big role in his life.
 * Important Passages**

"He had heard people say that it was a free country-but what did that mean? He found that here, precisely as in Russia, there were rich men who owned everything..." (91). This quote represents the corruption, and huge gaps between the wealthy and the poor during the Gilded Age.

"... where men welcomed tuberculosis in the cattle they were feeding, because it made them fatten more quickly..." (97) This shows how disgusting and unsanitary a good majority of the meat was in this time period.

Corruption, greed, secrecy and hope for the future through the union
 * Themes**

David Thomas Mr. Randolph US History A block //The Jungle// Chapter 10 __ Summary __ Jurgis’ wages fall from nine or ten dollars a week to five or six and the family no longer has any money to spare. Marija is waiting for the canning factory to re-open. One day the water pipes freeze and burst so they thaw them, and it creates a flood. The plumber charges them an insane amount of money and on top of that they need to renew their insurance for 1,000 dollars. Jurgis and the rest of the family become really upset with the expenses and demand the insurance company to tell them all the things the need to pay. A man tells them they need to renew the insurance every year, pay taxes at about ten dollars a year, pay the water tax at about six a year, and possibly pay for a sewer or sidewalk if the city decided to install them. The sewer would cost them about twenty-two and the sidewalk fifteen if it was wood, twenty-five if it was cement. The working conditions at the factory are terrible. The stench is unbearable and the flies are annoying. Marija loses her job after a year and three days. She feels she is getting paid less than she should. She questions the woman who counts the production of cans by each individual. The woman miscounts again and again and so Marija goes to the forelady and then the superintendent. She thinks the woman is doing it on purpose. There are “undercover spies” that watch the people in the unions and rat them out to their bosses. When Marija gets to the superintendent, he does nothing about it after a few times and yells at her. She is then told that her services are no longer needed. This is especially rough because Ona is due soon and will not be able to work. Jurgis wants a male doctor and is willing to stop eating to pay for it. Marija starts looking for a new job and even begins to beg for one. A man offers her a job as a “beef-trimmer” because he sees she is built like a man. She is not paid the same as the men, but she must take the pay. Her work conditions are horrendous with odd temperature rooms and long hours. Ona is also not liked by her forelady, Miss Henderson, because she did not give her presents as some ladies did. Miss Henderson runs a brothel and those women are hired without question at Ona’s job. She realizes that the women and Henderson do not like her because she is a decent married woman. Ona stays home one day and gives birth to a big, healthy boy. They name him Antanas after Jurgis’ father. Jurgis works even harder and Ona returns to work a week after being in labor and her health is not good because it is too soon. __ Characters __ · Jurgis · Marija · Ona __ Themes __ · Work ethic · Sacrifice · Jealousy · Finances · Birth __ Quotes __ “They were willing to work all the time; and when people did their best, ought they not be able to keep alive?” (106) “They could only go on and make the fight and win- for defeat was a thing that could not even be thought of. (107) ”…that when you have once got a job in Packingtown, you hang on to it, come what will.” (110)

Emily Gavin
 * Chapter 11 The Jungle**

A bank fiasco occurs when some people misunderstand happenings in the town for a bank run out. What happened was that the police were trying to arrest a drunkard caused a crowed to gather and it was mistaken for a problem with the bank. Marija runs into the bank to get her money, but she realizes that she has forgotten her bank book at home. Marija runs home to get her book and retrieves her money and sews it into her clothes, however this makes them much heavier. While this is happening however their wages are getting cut down and the work conditions are getting much worse.
 * Summary:**

Marija
 * Main Characters:**

"On the contrary, the speeding-up seemed to be growing... medieval torture chamber." (p. 109)
 * Key Passages:**

"The possession of wast wealth entails cares and responsibilities, however, as poor Marijan found out." (p. 110)

"However, one morning... police reserves arrived." (p. 111)

"Elzbieta's only rescue in those times was little Antanas; indeed, it would be hard to say how they could have gotten along at all if it had not been for little Antanas." (p. 117)

Chapter 12 Julie Stevens

Description of plot: Jurgis never got of bed for three weeks, because the pain continued in his sprain. But, he tried walking everday, and no arguments could stop him when he decided to try to go back to work. Sometimes the pain would stop him working, but he forced the pain, and would often weep. He saw a doctor who said that he would have to lay off of his foot for two months. Because of this, Jonas, Marija, Ona and Stanislovas decided to try and go to the yards. Stanislovas fingers get frost bitten, but he couldn’t realize that he might as well have lost his fingers than to have lost his job. He still kept his job. Jurgis turned into a homeless ghost, with sunken cheeks, and wasted away muscles. He found from Ona’s bankbook that they only had 3 dollars left. Then, the family realizes that Brother Jonas has disappeared. He had got his weeks money and had left., probably, abandoning them to seek happiness. The income of the family was cut down to one third, and they were borrowing money from marija and Tamoszious, so the family decided that two more of the children would leave to go to school. We meet Kotrina, Vilamas and Nikalojus who learn how to sell newspapers, and they hide in cars in a crowd without paying for the transportation. Ona is suffering a lot of pain, but it hurt her that Jurgis did not notice it. They only talked of worries, and Ona questioned Jurgis’ love for her. In the middle of Jurgis’ sprained foot, he looses his job, and finds himself among the unemployed. He was no longer advantageous over other men because he had become weak and thin, but he told himself that he must get work, but there was no work for him. He wandered everywhere through buildings and through people, but there were no opportunities. Jurgis finds that he has a lot in common with the other unemployed men. They were underfed and underworked as well, and had caught a disease. If a man caught a disease and was wealthy he could stand by be able to provide for his family.

Characters in chapter Jurgis: even with his injury, he walked on his sprain, no arguments could stop him, didn’t notice his wife’s changes in appearance and feeling, became a ghost with sunken cheeks and baggy eyes, but didn’t have time to care about what he looks like, told himself he must get work, went to everyone he knew asking for a chance, but there was just no work

Jonas: didn’t come home one Saturday night, said by his boss that he had gotten his week’s money and left there, wasn’t a hero, old fellow who liked to have a good supper and sit in the corner by the fire and smoke his pipe in peace before he went to bed

Little Stanislovas: with freezing weather, he went to the yards with Marija Ona and Jonas and got frostbite. Didn’t realize that he might as well have become frozen then lose his job as the lard machine Ona: resentful that her husband doesn’t notice that she is struggling, wonders if Jurgis cares about her at all Tamoszius Kuszleika: a man without any relatives, fallen in love, dragged down by money Little Kotrina, VIlmas, Nikalojus: bright children who began to learn the trade of paper routing, what sort of people to offer them to, where to go and where to stay away, etc.

Passages: “there could be no trifling in a case like this, it was a matter of life an death; little Stanislovas could not be expected to realize that he might a great deal better freeze in the snowdrift that lose his job at the lard machine (126)

Key example of the importance of job, you might as well die than to get out of a job at a time like this. “They say that the best dog will turn cross if he be kept chained all the time, and it was the same with the man; he had not a thing to do all day but lie and curse his fate, and the time came when he wanted to curse everything.” (127)

**Chapter 13 Ellen Gardner Description of plot:** While Jurgis looks for work, Kristoforas, Elzbieta's youngest child who was crippled and unable to walk, dies from perhaps a smoked sausage he had eaten an hour before his death, which may have been made out of the tubercular pork that was condemned as unfit for export. Only Elzbieta was sorry for his death, who grieved for months. She refused to let him be buried in the city, and begged the neighbors for enough money to have a proper burial. Jurgis considers work at the fertilizer plant, the place that seeks the lowest of men. The boss of the grinding in the fertilizer plant hires him. He works on days of over a hundred degrees, and struggles to breath and work because of the smell and dust. When he finishes work, fertilizer is half an inch deep in his skin and his whole system is full of it, making it impossible for him to eat anything for three days, and making his home smell until his family was vomiting, but he stuck it out. Vilamas and Nikalojus start selling newspapers and adopt American habits and ways, and often did not come home at night. Jurgis decided the boys will go to school in the fall and Elzbieta would get a job while her daughter, Kotrina, take care of the home.

-Jurgis takes a job at the fertilizer plant, where the lowest of all men work. He suffers from the heat and the smell and dust that goes into his skin and system, given him headaches and trouble to breath. -Kristoforas is the youngest of Elzbieta's children, is three years old and dies during this chapter. He was very small for his age, and was crippled, making it impossible for him to walk. He would crawl on the floor and whine and fret, making the family see him as a nuisance and a sources of endless trouble in the family, except for his mother, who loved him best and let him do anything undisturbed. -Elbieta mourns for months after her son dies. She takes a job making sausages, but found the change very hard. -Vilmas and Nikalojus take jobs selling newspapers, and learn while they are at their jobs American habits and about state banquets which police captains and big politicians all attended. They got out of the habit of coming home at night because they did not want to waste the energy to sleep at home when they could just as easily sleep in the city. -Kotrina is Elizbieta's younger daughter. She was given the responsibility when her mother got a job to look after her crippled little brother and the baby, cook meals, wash dishes, clean the house, and have supper ready when the workers came home in the evening, even though she was only thirteen.
 * Characters in Chapter:**


 * Notable Passages:**

"And now he died. Perhaps it was the smoked sausage he had eaten that morning-whcih may have been made out of some of the tubercular pork that was condemned as unfit for export. At any rate, an hour after eatring it, the child had begun to cry with pain, and in another hour he was rolling about on the floor in convulsions" (133).

"Because this surgeon had to have bodies to demonstrate upon, he announced that he would treat the children of the poor, a piece of magnimity over which the papers became quite eloquent" (134).

"And still Jurgis stuck it out! In spite of splitting headaches he would stagger down to the plant and take up his stand once more, and begin to shovel in the blinding clouds of dust. And so at the end of the week he was a fertilizer man for life-he was able to eat again, and though his head never stopped aching, it ceased to be so bad that he could not work" (138).

"In the midst of the mist, however, the visitor would suddenly notice the tense set face, with the two wrinkles graven in the foregead, and the ghastly pallor of the cheeks, and then he would suddenly recollect that it was time he was going on. The woman did not go on; she stayed right there-hour after hour, day after day, year after year, twisting sausage links and racing iwth death. It was piecework, an she was apt to have a family to keep alive, and stern and ruthless economic laws had arranged it that she could only do this work by working just as she did, with all her soul upon her work, and with never an instant for a glance at the well-dressed ladies and gentlemen who came to stare at her, as at some wild beat in a menagerie" (141).

Sacrifice, death, family, responsibility
 * Themes:**

Jurgis and his family have found out all about the bad things that go around in the meat industry. The most spoiled of meats becomes sausage. All manner of dishonesty exists in the industry’s willingness to sell diseased, rotten, and mixed meat to American households. Ona and Jurgis grow apart, Jurgis begins to drink heavily.Antanas goes through different childhood sickness, and the measles toll on him. His strong constitution allows him to reach his first birthday, but he is as too thin as the rest of the Packingtown poor. Ona, pregnant again, develops a bad cough and suffers progressively more common sessions of out of control crying.
 * Chapter 14** Jordy Blenner

Hopie Hambleton** Winter returns, and with winter longer working days for the upcoming holidays. Jurgis experiences twice the fear of Ona not returning home from work, but Ona explains that the first time she couldn't get home from the factory because of the snow, so she stayed the night at her friend's house. The second time however, Jurgis learns the true reason why Ona hadn't come home that night. After Jurgis forces Ona to stop lying to him, Ona explains that her boss, Connor, continuously tells her of his love for her during each work-day. Ona then confesses that the first time that she didn't come home was because Connor had raped her in the factory after all the other women had left, and the secong time he forced her to go with him to Miss Henderson's home. Connor had threatened to ruin Ona and her family, and make sure that no one in her family would get any more work in Packingtown if she didn't comply with his wishes. In a rage, Jurgis goes to Connor's factory, and upon seeing Connor; Jurgis attacks him and begins to choke him. Men tear Jurgis away from Connor, and then the police take him to the station.
 * Chapter 15
 * Chapter Summary**

Jurgis- He experiences the major corruption of the industry through the rape of his wife in order to make sure that he keeps his job. Ona- Her rape represents what women workers would do to ensure that their family had a good life, and maintained jobs. Connor- He is Ona's boss who exploits her in return for guaranteed jobs for Ona and her family.
 * Characters**

"It was October, and the holiday rush had begun, It was necessary for the packing machines to grind till late at night to provide food that would be eaten at Christmas breakfasts..." (141) The irony behind this quote is the fact that the workers aren't working to provide this meat for their Christmas breakfasts, they're working to provide meat for the breakfasts of their bosses and the wealthy people in Chicago.
 * Key Passages**

"He told me-he would have me turned off. He told me he would-we would all lose our places. We could never get anything to do-here-again. He-he meant it- he would have ruined us." (150) This quote demonstrates the desperation that Ona, and many other woman, faced when it came to doing something horrible in order to keep their jobs because their lives revolved around their jobs.

"To Jurgis this man's whole presence reeked of the crime he had committed; the touch of his body was madness to him-it set every nerve of him atremble, it aroused all the demon in his soul. It had worked its will upon Ona, this great beast-and now he had it, he had it!" (152) Jurgis's rage and love towards Ona is demonstrated thorugh this quote, because Jurgis is trying to set things right, and make sure that this never happens again. Unfortunately, this act of payback lands him in jail.

He beats up Connor, who is Ona's boss, for raping Ona.
 * Question**
 * How does Jurgis end up in jail?**

David Thomas //The Jungle// Chapter 16 =__ Summary __= Jurgis awakes in the jail cell and is very upset and out of it. He is happy with himself that he took up for his wife but is upset that he is in jail. When he realizes that beating Connor has probably only made things worse, he becomes very distressed. He begins to think about all the family’s struggles and how they will not survive without him. He worries about Ona the most. He questions whether she will be able to provide for the baby and survive. He cannot stop thinking about her and even says he thinks it would be best if she just died. He is in a cell next to a drunk and a maniac. Some other homeless men come in and are very loud. Jurgis is carried into a courtroom the next morning with the rest of the men in the jail. He is not familiar with the law and has no clue what they are going to do to him. He sees a man that he recognizes as Justice Callahan. Callahan is a recognizable man that took up politics as a young man and worked his way up from the bottom. He is a feared and strict man that is also known as “Growler” Pat. Jurgis is put under the judge and is told his bail is three hundred dollars. When Jurgis says he cannot pay it, he is then taken to the county jail where he is stripped, searched, and bathed. He is then taken to his cell that is meant for two, but he is the one odd prisoner. He is brought food but sees the other inmates have luxuries he does not, like food from restaurants and cards. Jurgis begins to feel bad and starts to bang his hands against the cell walls. He wakes up the next morning to the sounds of a church bell. His first instinct is that there must be a fire in the jail, but then realizes that it is Christmas Eve. He recalls Christmas in Lithuania with the children and Ona. He cries as he thinks of the family having Christmas without him. =__ Characters __= =__ Passages __= “…And he knew what the police were. It was as much as a man’s very life was worth to anger them, here in their utmost lair; like as not a dozen would pile on to him at once, and pound his face to a pulp.” (163) “…And they were working people, poor people, whose money was their strength, the very substance of them, body and soul, the thing by which they lived and lack of which they died.” (165)
 * Jurgis
 * Justice Callahan

__The Jungle__ Chapter 18 Julie Stevens Summary: Jurgis got out of jail, but he had to pay a dollar and a half to stay in jail, which he didn’t have, so he worked for three days. When he gets out of jail he goes to his hometown which is 20 miles away. A boy points him in the wrong direction. The thoughts that haunted him in his cell are now forgotten in his fever of thoughts. To get to his home he jumps into a car and the conductor doesn’t notice. He reaches his house to find that it is a different color, and there are different residents inside. He does not know here his family is, and cries out to the family living in his old house, asking if they knew the whereabouts of his family. He cannot believe that this is happening, even after the scarcity of work and the lowering of wages that the family went through. He decides to go to Anele’s place, and he finds Ona and Marji there. The children are gone. Ona has having her baby, and the women are afraid, but she needs help so Jurgis takes some of Marji’s money to go and look for help.

Characters Jurgis: at first feels free that he is out of jail, then thoughts overcome him, and when he finds that his house is gone he is filled with grief, despair, rage, and other overwhelming feelings. Aniele: where Ona and Marija and the family goes after they are evicted from their house Ona: about to go into labor, is very sick Key passages “then the sky was above him again and the open street before him, that he was a free man. But then the cold began to strike through his clothes, and he started quickly away.” (182) Very important quote in which it shows that in this time period freedom usually didn’t last very long. Once you felt free you almost automatically would feel some type of confinement whether it be your job or your current living situation. “Then he came into the business part of the city, where the streets were sewers of inky blackness, with horses sleeping and plunging, and women and children flying across panic-stricken droves.” (185). A very good description of what city life was like, with images of darkness. Good use of words including “panic-stricken” which helps to illustrate the point in which cities are busy.

Ellen Gardner Description of Plot:** Jurgis goes to a Dutchwoman's house who is a doctor, and asks her to help Ona and the baby. She says at first she will only do it for 25 dollars, and Jurgis tells her that he only has a dollar and a quarter, but she does not believe him. After convincing her that this was all he had, the doctor agreed to come with him if he paid the twenty-five dollars as soon as he can. They get to the house and the doctor goes up to see Ona and Jurgis is told to leave so he does not get in the way. He goes to the saloon and is given a drink and a place to sleep for a while, and then returns to his house. When he comes in the house, the doctor tells him that the baby is dead and it is no use trying to help her because she should have been treated long before. He goes up to where Ona and a preast are. Ona wakes up for a moment and looks at Jurgis and dies. In the morning, Kotrina comes into the house from selling papers with the boys, and Jurgis demands her money she's made, and goes to the saloon and gets drunk.
 * Chapter 19

-Jurgis does not have a job or friends that could loan him money. He does all that he can to convince the doctor to treat Ona, and promises that he will pay her 25 dollars. The saloon owner sees Jurgis differently than the other "huma-wrecks" because he had not given up, "he still had fight and reminders of decency about him." -Madame Haupt (**question #6**) was a Dutchwoman that was enormously fat. She agrees to go help Ona for Jurgis's a dollar and a quarter (and later the rest of the 25 dollars) because she hates to think of anybody suffering. She complains about working in Jurgis and Ona's small, poor, and dangerous house. She does the best she can, but she is unable to save Ona or the baby, but still demands the $25 as soon as possible. -Ona dies during this chapter at barely 18 years old. Madame Haupt said she fought hard but she had no chance.
 * Characters in Chapter:**

"They had no real floor-they had laid old boards in one part to make a place for the family to live; it was all right and safe there, but the other part of the garret had only the joists of the floor, and the lath and plaster of the ceiling below, and if one stepped on this there would be catastrophe" (197)
 * Notable Passages:**

"He was used to the sight of human wrecks, this saloon-keeper; he "fired" dozens of them every night, just as haggard and cold and forlorn as this one. But they were all men who had given up and been couted out, while Jurgis was still in the fight, and had reminders of decency about him" (198).

"It is not my fault dat you send for me so late I can't help your vife. It is not my fault if der baby comes mit one arm first, so dot I can't save it. I haf tried all night, und in dot place vere it is not fit for dogs to be born, und mit notting to eat only vot I brings in mine own pockets" (200).

Death, choice, charity, love, money
 * Themes:**

6. Madame Haupt, wrote about in characters in chapter 12. //Why is Jurgis sometimes referred to as "Jack?"// Called all foreigners and unskilled men "Jack" in Packingtown
 * Question:**

Jurgis learns that he is blacklisted in Packingtown. Phil Connor has made imposible for him to find a job there. After two weeks of futile searching and odd jobs, Jurgis meets an old acquaintance from his union. The man leads him to a factory where harvesting machines are produced, and the foreman gives Jurgis a job. The working conditions are much better, and the factory is a paragon of generosity and kindness. However, workers still must keep working fast. Jurgis starts studying English at night. A worker at the factory informs the men that the department that Jurgis works in will be closed down.
 * Chapter 20** Jordy Blenner

Chpater 21 Hopie Hambleton Chapter Summary The only people supporting for the family now-a-days are the children, and they are the ones preventing the whole family from starving completely, while Jurgis looks for a new job. Teta Elzbieta's crippled son, Juozapas, goes to the local dump looking for food, and while he is there he meets a wealthy woman who asks him about his life. After Juozapas tells the woman his story, she askes him to let her visit his fmaily, and when she sees the conditions they are living in she has sympathy for them. She writes a letter of reccomendation for Jurgis to work at a local steel mill where her fiance is the superintendent at the steel mill, and with this Jurgis finds himself a new job. SInce the mill is veyr far away Jurgis can only come home one day a week. Each time he is home he enjoys spending time with his son, Antanas who is constanly growing up before his eyes. One day he returns home from work, Jurgis finds out that Antanas has drowned in a mud puddle, and died.

David Thomas //The Jungle// Chapter 22 =__ Summary __= When Jurgis finds out that Antanas has drowned in a mud puddle and dies, he reacts very strangely. He does not immediately seem to understand. He does not believe that his son is actually dead. He interrogates Marija and finds out that Antanas left the house to play and got caught in a mud puddle. Jurgis shows no emotion and immediately storms out of the house. All he can do is walk and repeat the word “Dead” to himself. He goes and hides under a train not allowing himself to cry. He does not want to think about it, and wants to move on. Every time he feels a tear, he pushes that emotion away. He comes to countryside and decides that he is free and that his son is in a better place. He then gets some food. A farmer offers Jurgis a job, and Jurgis asks if it’ll last through the winter too. The farmer replies that it’ll only last through the November. The farmer then asks why a strong man like Jurgis can’t get a job during the winter. Jurgis says that everyone thinks they can get a job in the winter so it becomes overcrowded. He turns down the job and continues to travel. He begins to pick up work and meals from different farmers and learns from the other “tramps”. Work is easy to find and he makes what he thinks is a fortune. He blows it on alcohol and women and his conscience gets to him. =__ Characters __=
 * Jurgis
 * Farmers

__ Passages __
“And every time that a thought of it assailed him- a tender memory, a trace of a tear- he rose up, cursing with rage, and pounded it down.” (226) “On the contrary, try as he would, Jurgis could not help being made miserable by his conscience. It was a ghost that would not down.” (234)

__The Jungle__ Chapter 24 Julie Stevens

Summary: In the winter work is scarce and Jurgis sees the world for what it really is. He compares himself to a tiger in a cage, loosing all of his power. He looks around at the city and sees people in their affairs, and feels very disconnected and apart from them. One night he was trying to find work among the theater crowds when he began to beg to a man, telling him he had broken his arm and didn’t have a lot of money in his pocket. He was a man named Freddie Jones, who is dressed very well. He offers to take Jurgis into his home and feed him. They get in a cab, which Jones pays for. They enter the house which is a block long, and there is a man who takes their coats. Jones calls all of the shots, including telling the butler when to turn the lights on. He talks about how much each part of his house costs, including the pool which costs forty thousand dollars. Then, Jones’s butler sets out a tray of food for Jurgis to eat and he shovels it in, and eats everything, and drinks everything. We learn that Jones was college bound. Later, as Jones fall’s asleep, Hamilton, the butler, tells him to leave, in which he does

Characters:

Jurgis: having a hard time finding a job, freezing to the bone, hungry, lifeless. He feels powerless and afraid, not knowing when he is going to find a job or make it in this world. Becomes a beggar and finds Jones who takes him into his home, in which he eats and regains some of his strength back

Jones: eighteen year old boy, well dressed, wealthy, college bound, light golden blond hair, very drunk, and very giving

Hamilton: Jones’ butler who turns on the lights when Jones tells him too, kicks Jurgis out of the mansion

Key passages: “He saw the world of civilization then more plainly than ever he had seen it before, a world in which nothing counted but brutal might, and order devised by those who possessed it for the subjugation of those who did not.” (246) This is important because it is at this point in which the reader gets to see the world for what it really is at this period of time. It is ruthless and brutal

“Everywhere he turned there were prison bars, and hostile eyes following him, the well-fed, sleek policemen, from whose glances he shrank, and who seemed to grip their clubs more tightly when they saw him.” (246, 247) Important portrayal of how police officers saw beggers and homeless people, any body who was poor was treated differently

Ellen Gardner Plot Summary:** Jurgis takes his hundred dollar bill into an empty saloon where he asks the saloon keeper to change it in turn for buying a glass of beer. The saloon keeper takes the bill and gives Jurgis a glass of beer and 95 cents. Jurgis protests but the saloon keeper tellls him to get out. Jurgis throws his beer bottle at him, and starts a fight, while the saloonkeeper fights back and calls for help from the police men he pays five dollars a month to stay outside, saying that Jurgis has a knife and fighting drunk. Jurgis is taken to court, where the saloonkeeper says that Jurgis came in drunk and ordered a drink with a dollar, and demanded more money back until he started a fight. The judge and the people in the court did not believe that Jurgis recieved a hundred dollar bill begging, and he was sent to jail where was reaquainted with Jack Duane. When Jurgis was out of jail, he went to Jack's house, where they became theifs, robbing people on the street and making much more money than they would actually working. Jack took Jurgis to saloons and "sporting houses" where big crooks and holdup men hung out. He learns that here, tens of thousands of votes for legislature were bought here, and learned that "business men" here had agreements and safety with the cops and the government. Jurgis finds a way to make money with "Buck" Halloran political "worker," where he would go to where city laborers were being paid off, and said fake names two or three times to recieve a check that he'd give to Halloran in return for five dollars. Jurgis is sent to jail once more for beginning a quarrel over a girl while drunk, but the Halloran had power and bailed him out with just a call. Jurgis meets another political "worker," who tells him about a fixed horse race, and Jurgis makes more money. Jurgis got tired of crime, and became a politician. He is introduced to a man named Harper, who he recognizes from giving him his green card. Harper was a right hand man to Mike Skully, the Democratic boss of the stockyards. Scully had a propostion with the democratic party that if he let them nominate an obsucre friend of Scully's and get glory, if in return they would not put up a candidate the following year, when Scully came up for reelection. Harper would pay Jurgis, along with the pay he would get from his job, to become active in the union and working class, which had socialist (which Jurgis did not understand), and tell them good points about Doyle, the republican candidate. Jurgis succeeds in doing so, Doyle winning by many votes, and Jurgis recieved two or three hundred dollars through out the day of the election.
 * Chapter 25

-Jurgis goes to jail after being falsely accused of being drunk and fighting for money that did not belong to him. He becomes a criminal/thief with Jack Duane, and later becomes a "politician," swaying the workers at Packingtown to vote for the republican cadidate, who was planned to win by both parties. -Jack Duane meet Jurgis in jail, and steals for a living -"Buck" Halloran is a powerful political "worker" who also steals his money, and has a lot of influence on the city's cops and jail -Mike Skully (**question 6**) is a democrat and arranges for Doyle, the republican candidate, to win so he would win the next year. Jurgis does not know that he owns the brickyards and the dump and the ice pond, and "he was to blame for the unpaved streets that Jurgis's child drowned in, had put into office the magistrate who first sent Jurgis to jail, who was principle stockholder in the company which had sold him the ramshackle tenement and then robbed him of it," so Jurgis worked for him.
 * Characters in the Chapter:**

"It seemed monstrous to him that policemen and judges should esteem his word as nothing in comparison with the bartender's" (264).
 * Notable Passages:**

"The last time he was there, Jurgis had thought of little but his family, but now he was free to listen to these men, and to realize that he was one of them-that their point of view was his point of view, and that the way they kept themselves alive in the world was the way he meant to do it in the future" (266).

"Jurgis attended and got half insane with drink, and began quarreling over a girl; his arm was pretty strong by then, and he set work to clean out the place, and ended in a cell in the police station. The police station being crowded to the doors, and stinking with"bums," Jurgis did not relish staying there to sleep off his liquor, and sent for Halloran, who called up the district leader and had Jurgis bailed out by telephone at four o'clock in the morning" (271).

"Horse racing had once been a sport, but nowadays it was a business; a horse could be "doped" and doctored, undertrained or overtrained, it could be made to fall at any moment-or its gaits could be broken by lashing it with the whip, which allthe spectators would take to be a desperate effort to keep it in the lead. There were scores of such tricks; and sometimes it was the owners who played them and made fortunes, sometimes it was the jockeys and trainers, sometimes it was outsiders, who bribed them-but most of the time it was the chiefs of the trust" (273-274).

Corruption, crime, scandal, power
 * Themes:**

Jurgis keeps his job as a hog trimmer. In May, the unions and the packers clash and a huge strike begins. Jurgis looks for an extra job while he strikes with the rest. Jurgis wants to be paid three dollars a day and receives it. Jurgis is offered a job as a boss on the killing beds. Jurgis receives a higher pay and the promise that he will have the job after the strikeIn response, the workers return to striking. Jurgis violently attacks Connor. Jurgis calls Harper when he goes to jail but Jurgis finds out that Connor is one of Scully’s favorites, and Harper can’t help him, the only thing Harper can do try to get his bail lowered. Harper tells Jurgis to leave town. Jurgis does pay his bail but it only left jurgis with four dollar, and then Jurgis goes to the other end of Chicago.
 * Chapter 26** Jordy Blenner

David Thomas //The Jungle// Chapter 27 =__ Summary __= Jurgis begins begging for a job. Unfortunately, the strike ends just as he feeling the most desperate. More men are beginning to show up and crowd the streets searching for work. Jurgis eventually gets a job only to be fired because he is not strong enough for the work. Winter comes signalizing election time again. Jurgis watches bitterly as the graft continues. He is upset because he can no longer take part in it. He attends a political meeting where he can stay warm, but a policeman throws him out because he falls asleep and begins to snore. He begins begging for the price of the price of a hotel for a night when he encounters a woman he knew from his first years in Packingtown. She is well dressed and well put together now. She does not have any money with her, but she gives him Marija’s address. She urges Jurgis to visit her and Teta Elzbieta. She assures him that they would be more than happy to see him and that they miss. Jurgis decides to do it and hurries to see Marija. When he enters the building, the police break into the establishment. Jurgis realizes that it is a brothel. Jurgis spots Marija, and they manage to talk a bit before the police take them to the station. Marija explains that neither she nor Teta Elzbieta could support the children with good jobs and Stanislovas died. He fell asleep in the storeroom of an oil factory and a swarm of rats attacked him and killed him. Marija then chose to go into prostitution to keep the rest of the family from starving. She assures Jurgis that they never blamed him for running away; that they know that he did his best. Jurgis is haunted and tormented by his conscience all during the night that he is in jail.

__ Characters __
=__ Passages __= “She was as much surprised as he was…” (305)
 * Jurgis
 * Marija
 * Alena

The Jungle chapter 29 Julie Stevens

Summary: After a meeting, Jurgis feels as though he is a new man, and is completely free. He wants to talk the speaker. The speaker gives him to a man named Ostrinski, who speaks Lithuanian. They talk about Socialism and how he went to the stockyard and his family was broken apart and he had become a wanderer. Ostrinski calls Jurgis a comrade, and asks him to sleep in his home, but on the kitchen floor. He talks about how he is a pant binder who takes cloth and works with it in his home with his wife. The topic of Socialism comes up again and Ostrinski describes it as workers dependent on jobs for a day-to-day existence. Every Socialist did his share and lived upon the vision of the good time coming. In Chicago the movement was growing. He explains the organization of the party. He talks about the locals who have six to seven thousand members who paid dues to support the organization. He also talks about how he became a crazy person when he converted to Socialism. The main principle of Socialism is “no compromise”, and it was a world movement. Jurgis loves the conversation, because he could sit atop a mountain and see why he was where he was. He learns that greed was the ocean of commerce, and it sailed on a private ship, and declared war on civilization.

Characters:

Jurgis: learns a lot about Socialism, and becomes a man after the speaker talks, he is able to sit atop a mountain and see where he came from and why he came from where he was. Ostrinski: 50-year-old Pole, lived in Silesia, had taken part in the proletarian movement in the early seventies, had been in jail twice, house was in the Ghetto district

Key passages:

“he knew that in the mighty upheaval that had taken place in his soul, a new man had been born. He had been torn out of the jaws of destruction he had been delivered from the thralldom of despair, the whole world had been changed for him” (330) Key point in the book in which Jurgis realizes that he is free, and it is only from a speech that he feels this

“Every Socialist did his share and lived upon the vision of the “good time coming” (334) good description of Socialism, good time coming is a very important aspect of the movement

“so the Socialist movement was a world movement, and organization of all mankind to establish liberty and fraternity. It was the religion of humanity or you might say it was the fulfillment of the old religion…” (336)

Ellen Gardner Plot Summary** Jurgis finds work at Hinds's hotel. Ostrinski tell Jurgis that Hinds is the state organizer of the socialist party, and one of its best speakers. Hinds is excited to know that Jurgis was a socialist, and had him tell his stories of working at Packingtown. Hinds made his hotel into socialists, where his workers would meet and talk about socialism. Jurgis passed out pamphlets on socialism to the public, and listened to many socialists speakers. Jurgis started reading the Appeal, a socialist newspaper. After hearing that the people of Packingtown had lost their strike, Jurgis goes back to see Packingtown, and how much it has changed and the change of the election because of the socialists. Jurgis attends a meeting where speeches are made, and at the end makes a speech of his own about how the previous election was a lie.
 * Chapter 30

-Jurgis starts to work at Hinds's hotel, and is very influenced by Hinds because he is a socialist -Hinds (**question 6**) is "the best boss in Chicago," a state's organizer for the socialist party. He said that Socialism was the key to all the problems. His hotel "was a very hotbed of the propoganda; all the employees were or became party men." Has a lot of influence on the socialist party.
 * Characters in Chapter:**

"At first the request caused poor Jurgis the most acute agony, and it was like pulling teeth to get him to talk; but gradually he found out what was wanted, and in the end he learned to stand up and speak his piece with enthusiasm" (344).
 * Notable passages:**

"Life was a struggle for existence, and the strong overcame the weak, and in turn were overcome by the strongest. Those who lost in the struggle were generally exterminated; but now and then they had been known to save themselves by combination-which was a new and higher kind of predaceous; it was so human history, that the people had mastered the kings. The workers were simply the citizens of industry, and the Socialist movement was the expression of their will to survive. The inevitability of the revolution depended upon no human will, it was the law of the economic process, of which the editor showed the detail with the most marvelous precision" (349).

Julie: questions 1-3 1.	What was Sinclair’s intention in writing The Jungle? How was the impact different than he anticipated? -	Sinclair’s intention was for the book to be less as an expose of the meat industry, but more of an argument for socialism -	He became a famous public figure overnight, was attacked by big meat packagers, and was invited down to the White House by Teddy Roosevelt -	His broken marriage caused a scandal 2.	Why is this called a protest novel in the Introduction? - because Sinclair is protesting the social and economic system of America in his novel, he wrote his book for the working man. It is an exposure of intolerable working and living conditions in the city of Chicago at the turn of the century 3.	What impact did the book have when it was released? - Aroused the nation, including Roosevelt, and contributed largely to the passing of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

Socialism
 * Themes:**

13. Why did Schlienmann consider himeslf a "philosopher anarchist?" //What was The Appeal?// What important realizatoin did Jurgis have as a result of his contact with socialism? He believes this because he sees that the industry is the government, and anarchists believe in no governement, which he thinks that the industry should not exist. He is also very philosophical therfore "philoshopher anarchist." A propoganda paper for socialism. Had articles and stories about the low class American workers, about political scandals in states, and other stories that would have to do with socialism, and stories from other magazines and newspapers that went into the appeal. Many people read and agreed with it. Jurgis sees that there is a life outside of the industry, and that Socialism embodies all the things that he wants in life.
 * Questions:**